STDIO(3S) STDIO(3S)
stdio - standard buffered input/output package
#include <stdio.h>
FILE *stdin, *stdout, *stderr;
The functions described in the entries of sub-class 3S of this manual
constitute an efficient, user-level I/O buffering scheme. The in-line
macros get
handle characters quickly. The macros
getchar and putchar, and the higher-level routines fgetc, fgets, fprintf,
fputc, fputs, fread, fscanf, fwrite, gets, getw, printf, puts, putw, and
scanf all use or act as if they use getc and putc; they can be freely
intermixed.
A file with associated buffering is called a stream and is declared to be
a pointer to a defined type FILE. fopen(3S) creates certain descriptive
data for a stream and returns a pointer to designate the stream in all
further transactions. Normally, there are three open streams with
constant pointers declared in the <stdio.h> header file and associated
with the standard open files:
stdin standard input file
stdout standard output file
stderr standard error file
The following symbolic values in <unistd.h> define the file descriptors
that will be associated with the C-language stdin, stdout and stderr when
the application is started:
STDIN_FILENO Standard input value, stdin. It has the value of
0.
STDOUT_FILENO Standard output value, stdout. It has the value of
1.
STDERR_FILENO Standard error value, stderr. It has the value of
2.
A constant NULL (0) designates a nonexistent pointer.
An integer-constant EOF (-1) is returned upon end-of-file or error by
most integer functions that deal with streams (see the individual
descriptions for details).
An integer constant BUFSIZ specifies the size of the buffers used by the
particular implementation.
An integer constant FILENAME_MAX specifies the size needed for an array
of char large enough to hold the longest file name string that the
implementation guarantees can be opened.
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STDIO(3S) STDIO(3S)
An integer constant FOPEN_MAX specifies the minimum number of files that
the implementation guarantees can be open simultaneously. Note that no
more than 255 files may be opened via fopen, and only file descriptors 0
through 255 are valid.
Any program that uses this package must include the header file of
pertinent macro definitions, as follows:
#include <stdio.h>
The functions and constants mentioned in the entries of sub-class 3S of
this manual are declared in that header file and need no further
declaration. The constants and the following ``functions'' are
implemented as macros (redeclaration of these names is perilous): getc,
getchar, putc, putchar, ferror, feof, clearerr, and fileno.
Output streams, with the exception of the standard error stream stderr,
are by default buffered if the output refers to a file and line-buffered
if the output refers to a terminal. The standard error output stream
stderr is by default unbuffered, but use of freopen [see fopen(3S)] will
cause it to become buffered or line-buffered. When an output stream is
unbuffered, information is queued for writing on the destination file or
terminal as soon as written; when it is buffered, many characters are
saved up and written as a block. When it is line-buffered, each line of
output is queued for writing on the destination terminal as soon as the
line is completed (that is, as soon as a new-line character is written or
terminal input is requested). setbuf(3S) or setvbuf(3S) in setbuf(3S)
may be used to change the stream's buffering strategy.
open(2), close(2), lseek(2), pipe(2), read(2), write(2), ctermid(3S),
cuserid(3S), fclose(3S), ferror(3S), fopen(3S), fread(3S), fseek(3S),
getc(3S), gets(3S), popen(3S), printf(3S), putc(3S), puts(3S), scanf(3S),
setbuf(3S), system(3S), tmpfile(3S), tmpnam(3S), ungetc(3S).
Invalid stream pointers will usually cause grave disorder, possibly
including program termination. Individual function descriptions describe
the possible error conditions.
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