SIGFPE(3C) SIGFPE(3C)
handle_sigfpes - floating-point exception handler package
#include <sigfpe.h>
void handle_sigfpes (int onoff, int en_mask,
void (*user_routine)(unsigned[5], int[2]),
int abort_action,
void (*abort_routine)(unsigned int **));
typedef void (*user_t)(unsigned[5], int[2]);
typedef void (*abort_t)(unsigned int **);
struct sigfpe_template
{
int repls;
int count;
int trace;
int abort;
int exit;
};
extern struct sigfpe_template sigfpe_[_N_EXCEPTION_TYPES+1];
extern int invalidop_results_[_N_INVALIDOP_RESULTS+1];
extern int invalidop_operands_[_N_INVALIDOP_OPERANDS+1];
The floating-point accelerator may raise floating-point exceptions,
signal SIGFPE, due to five conditions: _OVERFL(overflow),
_UNDERFL(underflow), _DIVZERO(divide-by-zero), _INEXACT(inexact result),
or _INVALID(invalid operand, e.g., infinity). Usually these conditions
are masked, and do not cause a floating-point exception. Instead, a
default value is substituted for the result of the operation, and the
program continues silently. This event may be intercepted by causing an
exception to be raised. When this occurs, the operating system generates
a SIGFPE signal.
The integer arithmetic instructions add, addi, dadd, daddi, sub, and dsub
also generate a SIGFPE signal when the result of the operation overflows
(condition _INT_OVERFL). (At the moment, SGI compilers generate only
unsigned versions of these instructions, which do not generate a signal
on overflow. However it is still possible to generate these instructions
via assembly language).
For -o32 programs, the compiler generates additional instructions to
detect and trap on integer-divide-by-zero. No similar detection code
sequences are generated in -n32 or -64 programs.
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SIGFPE(3C) SIGFPE(3C)
Once an exception is raised, the specific conditions which caused the
exception may be determined, and more appropriate action taken.
The library libfpe.so provides two methods to unmask and handle these
conditions: the subroutine handle_sigfpes, and the environment variable
TRAP_FPE. Both methods provide a mechanism for unmasking each of these
conditions except _INEXACT, for handling and classifying exceptions
arising from them, and for substituting either a default value or a
chosen one. They also provide mechanisms to count, trace, exit or abort
on enabled exceptions. If the user supplies his own call to
handle_sigfpes he should leave environment variable TRAP_FPE undefined or
set to OFF. TRAP_FPE is supported for Fortran, C, C++ and Pascal.
Handle_sigfpes is supported for C, C++ and Fortran.
Calling the subroutine is the preferred method when preparing software
for others to use, since it relieves the user of any need to know about
the TRAP_FPE environment variable.
The environment variable is preferable if one wants to experiment or
allow any user to experiment with different trap behaviors with minimum
effort.
Libfpe uses System V signal handling and will not work with programs
which use Berkeley signal handling.
Note that the preferred method for flushing denormals to zero is to set
the FS bit to 1 in the floating point control status register. The
following routine (written in c) can be used to set/clear the FS bit.
#include <sys/fpu.h>
void
flush_to_zero(int on_off)
{
union fpc_csr n;
n.fc_word = get_fpc_csr();
if ( on_off == 0 ) {
n.fc_struct.flush = 0;
} else {
n.fc_struct.flush = 1;
}
set_fpc_csr(n.fc_word);
}
Note that if the FS bit in the floating point control status register is
set, it remains set after calling handle_sigfpes(_OFF, ...
Be sure to read the section NOTES FOR R8000, below, which describes the
behavior of libfpe.so on the R8000 processor.
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SIGFPE(3C) SIGFPE(3C)
HANDLE_SIGFPES SUBROUTINE [Toc] [Back] The values in the global arrays are described in the section WHEN AN
EXCEPTION IS ENCOUNTERED later in this man page.
The arguments to handle_sigfpes are as follows:
onoff is a flag indicating whether handling is being turned on (onoff ==
_ON) or off (onoff == _OFF). (onoff == _DEBUG) is another way to turn on
handling. Information from the sigfpe structure will be printed if
(onoff == _DEBUG). (all the names used in this document are defined in
sigfpe.h).
en_mask indicates which of the five conditions should be unmasked,
enabling them to raise floating-point exceptions/or an integer overflow
exception. en_mask is only valid if onoff == _ON or onoff == _DEBUG,
and is the bitwise or of one or more of the constants _EN_UNDERFL,
_EN_OVERFL, _EN_DIVZERO, _EN_INVALID, and _EN_INT_OVERFL (defined in
sigfpe.h).
user_routine: handle_sigfpes provides a mechanism for setting the result
of the operation to any one of a set of well-known values. If full
control over the value of selected operations is desired for one or more
exception conditions, a function user_routine must be provided. For
these selected exception conditions, user_routine will be called to set
the value resulting from the operation. Pass a 0 (plain 0 is adequate)
if you do not wish to provide a user_routine. Typedef user_t is defined
in sigfpe.h for convenience in programming.
abort_action: If the handler encounters an unexpected condition or an
inconsistency, the flag abort_action indicates what action should be
taken. Another option is for the user to specify that he is supplying
his own floating point exception handler as the default handler. Legal
values are:
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SIGFPE(3C) SIGFPE(3C)
_________________________________________________________
|_TURN_OFF_HANDLER_ON_ERROR instruct the floating- |
| point-accelerator to cease |
| causing exceptions and |
| continue. (i.e., disable |
| handling) |
|________________________________________________________|
| _ABORT_ON_ERROR kill the process after |
| giving an error message |
| and calling a user- |
| supplied cleanup routine |
| if one is provided via the |
| abort_routine parameter. |
|________________________________________________________|
| _REPLACE_HANDLER_ON_ERROR install the indicated user |
| routine as the handler |
| when such an error is |
| encountered. Future |
| floating-point exceptions |
| will branch to the user- |
| routine. (see signal(2)) |
|________________________________________________________|
| _USER_HANDLER install the indicated user |
| routine as the handler |
| immediately. Future |
| floating-point exceptions |
| will branch to the user- |
| routine. (see signal(2)) |
|________________________________________________________|
abort_routine: When a fatal error (i.e., one described under abort_action
above) is encountered, abort_routine is used as the address of a user
routine.
If abort_action is _ABORT_ON_ERROR, and abort_routine is valid, it is
called before aborting, and passed a pointer to the address of the
instruction causing the exception as its single argument.
In this case, the user's abort_routine should be defined as
void abort_routine( ptr_to_pc )
unsigned int **ptr_to_pc;
If abort_action is _REPLACE_HANDLER_ON_ERROR, and abort_routine is valid,
it will be installed as the new handler. In this case, abort_routine
will be called immediately to handle the current exception. (see
signal(2)) Pass a 0 (plain 0 is adequate) if you do not wish to provide
an abort_action routine.
If abort_action is _USER_HANDLER, and abort_routine is valid, it will be
installed immediately as the default floating point exception handler.
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SIGFPE(3C) SIGFPE(3C)
If abort_routine is to be invoked as a floating point exception handler,
the following prototype should be used (see <sigfpe.h>, <sys/signal.h>,
and signal(2)):
int user_handler( sig, code, sc )
int sig, code;
struct sigcontext *sc;
Typedef abort_t is defined in sigfpe.h for convenience in programming.
Routine user_handler should return 0 to continue processing of the user's
code and a non-zero value to disconnect user_handler as the floating
point exception handler. User_handler should not issue a call to
signal(), nor should it update the program counter in the sigcontext
area, because these actions are done in the routine which calls it. A
user handler can determine which type of exception has occurred by
calling routine __fpe_trap_type(). This routine returns one of _UNDERFL,
_OVERFL, etc. as appropriate.
Users can supply separate handlers for each exception type by making
multiple calls to handle_sigfpes. See the third example below.
Similarly, trap handling for one or more exception types can be turned
off by or-ing the appropriate combination of masks in the second
parameter to handle_sigfpes.
handle_sigfpes(OFF, 0, ...
disables handling of all SIGFPE signals.
EXAMPLES OF CALLS TO HANDLE_SIGFPES [Toc] [Back] #include <sigfpe.h>
/* call this during program startup
to set underflowing values to zero
*/
void my_underflow_to_zero(void)
{
/* underflow to zero */
sigfpe_[_UNDERFL].repls = _ZERO;
/* only trap on underflow */
handle_sigfpes(_ON, _EN_UNDERFL , 0, _ABORT_ON_ERROR, 0);
}
The above example does one thing only: it sets up traps of underflow
which change the resulting value to zero.
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SIGFPE(3C) SIGFPE(3C)
The following is a more complicated example.
#include <limits.h> /* to get INT_MAX */
#include <sigfpe.h>
main()
{
/* underflow to zero */
sigfpe_[_UNDERFL].repls = _ZERO;
/* substitute max float/double on overflow */
sigfpe_[_OVERFL].repls=_MAX;
/* trace first 5 exceptions of each kind */
sigfpe_[_UNDERFL].trace=5;
sigfpe_[_OVERFL].trace =5;
sigfpe_[_DIVZERO].trace=5;
sigfpe_[_INVALID].trace=5;
sigfpe_[_INT_OVERFL].trace=5;
/* counts at end */
sigfpe_[_UNDERFL].count=INT_MAX;
sigfpe_[_OVERFL].count =INT_MAX;
sigfpe_[_DIVZERO].count=INT_MAX;
sigfpe_[_INVALID].count=INT_MAX;
sigfpe_[_INT_OVERFL].count=INT_MAX;
/* abort after 100 */
sigfpe_[_UNDERFL].abort=100;
sigfpe_[_OVERFL].abort =100;
sigfpe_[_INVALID].abort=100;
sigfpe_[_INT_OVERFL].abort=100;
/* abort on first divide by zero */
sigfpe_[_DIVZERO].abort=1;
handle_sigfpes(_ON, _EN_UNDERFL| _EN_OVERFL|_EN_DIVZERO
| _EN_INVALID | _EN_INT_OVERFL, 0, _ABORT_ON_ERROR, 0);
/* do the real application work here */
}
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SIGFPE(3C) SIGFPE(3C)
The example counts all traps, traces the first five
exceptions of each kind, aborts on the first divide
by zero, or the 100th overflow. It replaces zero for
underflows, max float/double for overflows, max integer
for integer overflows, and the default values for
divide by zero, invalid operands, and integer overflows.
The environment variable example below does the same thing.
The last example shows how to enable different handlers
for various exception types.
#include <limits.h> /* to get INT_MAX */
#include <sigfpe.h>
extern user_t my_invalid_handler;
main()
{
/* counts at end */
sigfpe_[_UNDERFL].count=INT_MAX;
sigfpe_[_OVERFL].count =INT_MAX;
sigfpe_[_DIVZERO].count=INT_MAX;
sigfpe_[_INVALID].count=INT_MAX;
sigfpe_[_INT_OVERFL].count=INT_MAX;
/* enable trapping on overflow, using libfpe's trap handler */
handle_sigfpes(_ON, _EN_OVERFL, 0, 0, 0);
/* enable trapping on invalid, using user's own trap handler */
handle_sigfpes(_ON, _EN_INVALID, my_invalid_handler, 0, 0);
/* do the real application work here */
....
/* turn off trapping of overflows */
handle_sigfpes(_OFF, _EN_OVERFL, 0, 0, 0);
....
/* turn off all handling of SIGFPE signals */
handle_sigfpes(_OFF, 0, 0, 0, 0);
....
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SIGFPE(3C) SIGFPE(3C)
THE ENVIRONMENT VARIABLE TRAP_FPE
If the code has been linked with libfpe.so the runtime startup routine
will check for the environment variable "TRAP_FPE". The string read as
the value of TRAP_FPE will be interpreted and handle_sigfpes will be
called with the resulting values.
TRAP_FPE is read in upper case letters only. The string assigned to
TRAP_FPE may be in upper case or lower case. TRAP_FPE can take one of
two forms: either a global value, or a list of individual items.
global values:
"" or OFF Execute the program with no
trap handling enabled. Same as
TRAP_FPE undefined. Same as
linking without libfpe.so
ON Same as TRAP_FPE="ALL=DEFAULT".
Alternately, replacement values and actions may be specified for each of
the possible trap types individually. This is accomplished by setting
the environment variable as follows:
setenv TRAP_FPE "item;item;item...."
an item can be one of the following:
traptype=statuslist Where traptype defines the
specific floating point
exception to enable, and
statuslist defines the
list of actions upon
encountering the trap.
DEBUG Confirm the parsing of the
environment variable, and
the trap actions.
Traptype can be one of the following literal strings:
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SIGFPE(3C) SIGFPE(3C)
UNDERFL underflow
OVERFL overflow
DIVZERO divide by zero
INVALID invalid operand
INT_OVERFL integer overflow
ALL all of the above
Statuslist is a list separated by commas. It contains an optional
symbolic replacement value, and an optional list of actions.
symbolic replacement values:
DEFAULT Do not override the predefined default values.
IEEE Maps to integer code _APPROPRIATE.
APPROPRIATE Maps to integer code _APPROPRIATE.
ZERO Maps to integer code _ZERO.
FLUSH_ZERO Maps to integer code _FLUSH_ZERO (R4000 and later processors).
FLUSH_ZERO Maps to integer code _ZERO (other processors).
MIN Maps to integer code _MIN.
MAX Maps to integer code _MAX.
INF Maps to integer code _INF.
NAN Maps to integer code _NAN.
All actions take an optional integer in parentheses:
Note: for any traps that have an action and no specified replacement
value, the DEFAULT replacement value will be used.
COUNT(n) A count of the trap type
will be printed to stderr
every nth trap, and at the
end of the program.
Default is INT_MAX.
ABORT(n) Core dump and abort the
program upon encountering
the nth trap. Default is
1.
EXIT(n) Exit program upon
encountering the nth trap.
Default is 1.
TRACE(n) If a trap is encountered,
Print a stack trace to
stderr up to n times.
Default is 10.
EXAMPLE OF TRAP_FPE
setenv TRAP_FPE "ALL=COUNT; UNDERFL=ZERO; OVERFL=IEEE,TRACE(5),
ABORT(100); DIVZERO=ABORT"
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SIGFPE(3C) SIGFPE(3C)
The example counts all traps, traces the first five overflows, aborts on
the first divide by zero, or the 100th overflow. It Replaces zero for
underflows, the "appropriate" value for overflows, and the default values
for divide by zero, invalid operands, and integer overflows.
WHEN AN EXCEPTION IS ENCOUNTERED
When an exception is encountered, the handler examines the instruction
causing the exception, the state of the floating-point accelerator and
the sigfpe structure to determine the correct action to take, and the
program is continued. In the cases of _UNDERFL, _OVERFL, _DIVZERO,
_INT_OVERFL, and some instances of _INVALID, an appropriate value is
substituted for the result of the operation, and the instruction which
caused the exception is skipped. For most exceptions arising due to an
invalid operand (_INVALID exceptions), more meaningful behavior may be
obtained by replacing an erroneous operand. For these conditions, the
operand is replaced, and the instruction re-issued.
sigfpe: For each enabled exception, the sigfpe structure contains the
fields: repls, count, trace, exit and abort. For each enabled exception
<p>, and each non-zero entry <n> in the sigfpe structure, the trap
handler will take the following actions:
count: A count of all enabled traps will be printed to stderr at the end
of execution of the program , and every at <n>th exception <p>.
trace: A dbx stack trace will be printed to stderr every exception <p>,
up to <n> times. You must have dbx installed on your system to use this
option.
abort: Core dump and abort program upon encountering the <n>th exception
<p>. The abort option takes precedence over the exit option.
exit: Exit program upon encountering the <n>th exception <p>.
repls: Each of the exceptions _UNDERFL, _OVERFL, _DIVZERO, and
_INT_OVERFL has an associated default value which is used as the result
of the operation causing the exception. These default values may be
overridden by initializing this integer value. This value is interpreted
as an integer code used to select one of a set of replacement values, or
to indicate that the routine user_routine is responsible for setting the
value. These integer codes are listed below:
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SIGFPE(3C) SIGFPE(3C)
_ZERO use zero as the replacement value
_FLUSH_ZERO Set the flush_zero bit in the
Control Status register. This
causes a flush to zero without
invoking the trap handler. Works
only for underflow traps on the
R4000 and later processors.
Works like _ZERO for the R3000.
_MIN use the appropriately-typed
minimum value as the replacement.
(i.e., the smallest number which
is representable in that format
without denormalizing)
_MAX use the appropriately-typed
maximum value as the replacement
_INF use the appropriately-typed value
for infinity as the replacement
_NAN use the appropriately-typed value
for not-a-number as the
replacement. (A quiet not-anumber
is used.)
_APPROPRIATE use IEEE standard results as the
return result for _UNDERFL,
_OVERFL, _DIVZERO, and _INVALID
exceptions.
_USER_DETERMINED invoke the routine user_routine
(see note) to set the value of
the operation. If this is the
code used for _INVALID
exceptions, all such exceptions
will defer to user_routine to set
their value. In this case,
invalidop_results_ and
invalidop_operands_ will be
ignored.
_NEG use the negative of the argument
as the replacement operand. This
code is valid only for the cases
_SQRT_NEG_X and _RSQRT_NEG_X (see
below).
The default values used as the results of floating-point exceptions are:
Page 11
SIGFPE(3C) SIGFPE(3C)
________________________________________________________
| values for sigfpe_.repls |
| element |
|# mnemonic | exception condition | default value |
|________________|_____________________|_______________|
|0 (none) | (ignored) | |
|1 _UNDERFL | underflow | _APPROPRIATE |
|2 _OVERFL | overflow | _APPROPRIATE |
|3 _DIVZERO | divide-by-zero | _APPROPRIATE |
|4 _INVALID | invalid operand | (use tables) |
|5 _INT_OVERFL | integer overflow | _MAX |
|________________|_____________________|_______________|
The default values for _UNDERFL, _OVERFL, _DIVZERO, and _INVALID
exceptions will produce the same results as if the instruction were reissued
with the original operand(s) and floating-point traps disabled.
Valid values for sigfpe_[_INT_OVERFL].repls are: _MAX, APPROPRIATE,
_ZERO, and _USER_DETERMINED, the default being _MAX.
For _INVALID exceptions, the correct action may be either to set the
result and skip the instruction, or to replace an operand and retry the
instruction. There are four cases in which the result is set. The array
named invalidop_results_ is consulted for replacement codes for these
cases:
____________________________________________________________
| array invalidop_results_ |
|# element | exception | |
| mnemonic | condition | default value |
|_______________________________|___________|_______________|
|0 (none) | (ignored) | |
|1 _MAGNITUDE_INF_SUBTRACTION | oo - oo | _NAN |
|2 _ZERO_TIMES_INF | 0 * oo | _NAN |
|3 _ZERO_DIV_ZERO | 0/0 | _NAN |
|4 _INF_DIV_INF | oo / oo | _NAN |
|_______________________________|___________|_______________|
There are ten cases in which an offending operand is replaced. An array
named invalidop_operands_ is consulted for user-initialized codes for
these cases. Cases 8 through 11 are valid only for the mips3 and later
architectures. Array invalidop_operands_ has only 8 entries (0-7) for
the earlier processors. Each element governs the following cases:
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SIGFPE(3C) SIGFPE(3C)
_______________________________________________________________________
| array invalidop_operands_ |
| element |
|# mnemonic | exception condition | default value |
|____________________|________________________________|________________|
|0 (none) | (ignored) | |
|1 _SQRT_NEG_X | sqrt(-x) | reissue |
|2 (unused) | (ignored) | with original |
|3 _CVTW_OVERFL | conversion to integer caused | operands and |
| | target to overflow | |
|4 _CVTW_NAN | conversion of NaN to int | floating point |
|5 _CVTW_INF | conversion of oo to int | traps disabled |
|6 _UNORDERED_CMP | comparison to NaN | |
|7 _SNAN_OP | operand was Signaling Nan | |
|8 _CVTL_OVERFL | conversion to long long caused | |
| | target to overflow | |
|9 _CVTL_NAN | conversion of NaN to long long | |
|10 _CVTL_INF | conversion of oo to long long | |
|11 _RSQRT_NEG_X | reciprocal sqrt(-x) | |
|____________________|________________________________|________________|
Use of user_routine to set values
If the integer code defining the replacement value for a particular
exception condition is _USER_DETERMINED, the user-supplied routine
user_routine is called:
(*user_routine)(exception_parameters, value);
value is an array of two ints into which user_routine should store the
replacement value. If an operand is being replaced, value has a copy of
the current operand.
exception_parameters is an array of five unsigned ints which describe the
exception condition:
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SIGFPE(3C) SIGFPE(3C)
______________________________________________________________
| array exception_parameters |
| element |
|# mnemonic | description |
|____________________|________________________________________|
|0 _EXCEPTION_TYPE | the exception type (_DIVZERO, etc). |
|1 _INVALID_ACTION | value = _SET_RESULT if result is |
| | being set. value = _REPL_OPERAND |
| | if an operand is being replaced. |
| | This element is meaningful only if |
| | the exception type is _INVALID. |
|2 _INVALID_TYPE | This element is meaningful only if |
| | the exception type is _INVALID. It |
| | is the index corresponding to the |
| | particular conditions giving rise |
| | to the exception. In conjunction |
| | with element 1, this value uniquely |
| | determines the exception condition. |
| | (e.g., if _INVALID_ACTION is |
| | _SET_RESULT and _INVALID_TYPE is 2, |
| | the _INVALID exception is due to |
| | _ZERO_TIMES_INF.) |
|3 _VALUE_TYPE | the type of the replacement value - |
| | either _SINGLE, _DOUBLE, _WORD, or |
| | _LONGWORD |
|4 _VALUE_SIGN | the suggested sign user_routine |
| | should use for the replacement |
| | value - either _POSITIVE or |
| | _NEGATIVE. |
|____________________|________________________________________|
Due to the nature of parallel operations on the R8000 processor, it is
not possible to determine the true value of the program counter when a
floating point exception occurs. Therefore, on that processor, libfpe.so
will not update either operands or results when floating point exceptions
occur. Another anomaly on this processor is that counts of floating
point exceptions for a particular program may vary from run to run.
When the R8000 processor executes in precise exception mode, libfpe
behaves as it does on other processors, i.e. operands and results can be
updated when floating point exceptions occur. See fpmode(1).
signal(3c), fsigfpe(3f), fpc(3c), get_fpc_csr(3c), set_fpc_csr(3c)
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