PERLTOC(1) PERLTOC(1)
perltoc - perl documentation table of contents
This page provides a brief table of contents for the rest of the Perl
documentation set. It is meant to be scanned quickly or grepped through
to locate the proper section you're looking for.
perl - Practical Extraction and Report Language
SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION
Many usability enhancements, Simplified grammar, Lexical scoping,
Arbitrarily nested data structures, Modularity and reusability, Objectoriented
programming, Embeddable and Extensible, POSIX compliant, Package
constructors and destructors, Multiple simultaneous DBM implementations,
Subroutine definitions may now be autoloaded, Regular expression
enhancements, Innumerable Unbundled Modules, Compilability
ENVIRONMENT
AUTHOR
FILES
SEE ALSO
DIAGNOSTICS
BUGS
NOTES
perlfaq - frequently asked questions about Perl ($Date: 1997/04/24
22:46:06 $)
DESCRIPTION
perlfaq: Structural overview of the FAQ, the perlfaq1 manpage: General
Questions About Perl, the perlfaq2 manpage: Obtaining and Learning about
Perl, the perlfaq3 manpage: Programming Tools, the perlfaq4 manpage:
Data Manipulation, the perlfaq5 manpage: Files and Formats, the perlfaq6
manpage: Regexps, the perlfaq7 manpage: General Perl Language Issues, the
perlfaq8 manpage: System Interaction, the perlfaq9 manpage: Networking
Where to get this document
How to contribute to this document
Page 1
PERLTOC(1) PERLTOC(1)
What will happen if you mail your Perl programming problems to the authors
Credits
Author and Copyright Information
Noncommercial Reproduction
Commercial Reproduction
Disclaimer
Changes
24/April/97, 23/April/97, 25/March/97, 18/March/97, 17/March/97 Version,
Initial Release: 11/March/97
perlfaq1 - General Questions About Perl ($Revision: 1.12 $, $Date:
1997/04/24 22:43:34 $)
DESCRIPTION
What is Perl?
Who supports Perl? Who develops it? Why is it free?
Which version of Perl should I use?
What are perl4 and perl5?
How stable is Perl?
Is Perl difficult to learn?
Tcl?
How does Perl compare with other languages like Java, Python, REXX, Scheme, or
Can I do [task] in Perl?
When shouldn't I program in Perl?
What's the difference between "perl" and "Perl"?
Is it a Perl program or a Perl script?
What is a JAPH?
Where can I get a list of Larry Wall witticisms?
(5/5.004/Perl instead of some other language)?
How can I convince my sysadmin/supervisor/employees to use version
Page 2
PERLTOC(1) PERLTOC(1)
AUTHOR AND COPYRIGHT
perlfaq2 - Obtaining and Learning about Perl ($Revision: 1.16 $, $Date:
1997/04/23 18:04:09 $)
DESCRIPTION
What machines support Perl? Where do I get it?
How can I get a binary version of Perl?
I don't have a C compiler on my system. How can I compile perl?
I copied the Perl binary from one machine to another, but scripts don't work.
loading/malloc/linking/... failed. How do I make it work?
I grabbed the sources and tried to compile but gdbm/dynamic
CPAN/src/... mean?
What modules and extensions are available for Perl? What is CPAN? What does
Is there an ISO or ANSI certified version of Perl?
Where can I get information on Perl?
What are the Perl newsgroups on USENET? Where do I post questions?
Where should I post source code?
Perl Books
Perl in Magazines
Perl on the Net: FTP and WWW Access
What mailing lists are there for perl?
MacPerl, Perl5-Porters, NTPerl, Perl-Packrats
Archives of comp.lang.perl.misc
Perl Training
Where can I buy a commercial version of Perl?
Where do I send bug reports?
What is perl.com? perl.org? The Perl Institute?
How do I learn about object-oriented Perl programming?
Page 3
PERLTOC(1) PERLTOC(1)
AUTHOR AND COPYRIGHT
perlfaq3 - Programming Tools ($Revision: 1.22 $, $Date: 1997/04/24
22:43:42 $)
DESCRIPTION
How do I do (anything)?
How can I use Perl interactively?
Is there a Perl shell?
How do I debug my Perl programs?
How do I profile my Perl programs?
How do I cross-reference my Perl programs?
Is there a pretty-printer (formatter) for Perl?
Is there a ctags for Perl?
Where can I get Perl macros for vi?
Where can I get perl-mode for emacs?
How can I use curses with Perl?
How can I use X or Tk with Perl?
How can I generate simple menus without using CGI or Tk?
Can I dynamically load C routines into Perl?
What is undump?
How can I make my Perl program run faster?
How can I make my Perl program take less memory?
Is it unsafe to return a pointer to local data?
How can I free an array or hash so my program shrinks?
How can I make my CGI script more efficient?
How can I hide the source for my Perl program?
How can I compile my Perl program into byte code or C?
Page 4
PERLTOC(1) PERLTOC(1)
How can I get '#!perl' to work on [MS-DOS,NT,...]?
Can I write useful perl programs on the command line?
Why don't perl one-liners work on my DOS/Mac/VMS system?
Where can I learn about CGI or Web programming in Perl?
Where can I learn about object-oriented Perl programming?
Where can I learn about linking C with Perl? [h2xs, xsubpp]
what am I doing wrong?
I've read perlembed, perlguts, etc., but I can't embed perl in my C program,
When I tried to run my script, I got this message. What does it mean?
What's MakeMaker?
AUTHOR AND COPYRIGHT
perlfaq4 - Data Manipulation ($Revision: 1.19 $, $Date: 1997/04/24
22:43:57 $)
DESCRIPTION
Data: Numbers
should be getting (eg, 19.95)?
Why am I getting long decimals (eg, 19.9499999999999) instead of the numbers I
Why isn't my octal data interpreted correctly?
functions?
Does perl have a round function? What about ceil() and floor()? Trig
How do I convert bits into ints?
How do I multiply matrices?
How do I perform an operation on a series of integers?
How can I output Roman numerals?
Why aren't my random numbers random?
Data: Dates
How do I find the week-of-the-year/day-of-the-year?
Page 5
PERLTOC(1) PERLTOC(1)
How can I compare two date strings?
How can I take a string and turn it into epoch seconds?
How can I find the Julian Day?
Does Perl have a year 2000 problem?
Data: Strings
How do I validate input?
How do I unescape a string?
How do I remove consecutive pairs of characters?
How do I expand function calls in a string?
How do I find matching/nesting anything?
How do I reverse a string?
How do I expand tabs in a string?
How do I reformat a paragraph?
How can I access/change the first N letters of a string?
How do I change the Nth occurrence of something?
How can I count the number of occurrences of a substring within a string?
How do I capitalize all the words on one line?
(Comma-separated files)
How can I split a [character] delimited string except when inside [character]?
How do I strip blank space from the beginning/end of a string?
How do I extract selected columns from a string?
How do I find the soundex value of a string?
How can I expand variables in text strings?
What's wrong with always quoting "$vars"?
Why don't my <<HERE documents work?
1. There must be no space after the << part, 2. There (probably)
should be a semicolon at the end, 3. You can't (easily) have any
space in front of the tag
Page 6
PERLTOC(1) PERLTOC(1)
Data: Arrays
What is the difference between $array[1] and @array[1]?
How can I extract just the unique elements of an array?
a) If @in is sorted, and you want @out to be sorted:, b) If you
don't know whether @in is sorted:, c) Like (b), but @in contains
only small integers:, d) A way to do (b) without any loops or
greps:, e) Like (d), but @in contains only small positive integers:
How can I tell whether an array contains a certain element?
intersection of two arrays?
How do I compute the difference of two arrays? How do I compute the
How do I find the first array element for which a condition is true?
How do I handle linked lists?
How do I handle circular lists?
How do I shuffle an array randomly?
How do I process/modify each element of an array?
How do I select a random element from an array?
How do I permute N elements of a list?
How do I sort an array by (anything)?
How do I manipulate arrays of bits?
Why does defined() return true on empty arrays and hashes?
Data: Hashes (Associative Arrays)
How do I process an entire hash?
What happens if I add or remove keys from a hash while iterating over it?
How do I look up a hash element by value?
How can I know how many entries are in a hash?
How do I sort a hash (optionally by value instead of key)?
How can I always keep my hash sorted?
What's the difference between "delete" and "undef" with hashes?
Page 7
PERLTOC(1) PERLTOC(1)
Why don't my tied hashes make the defined/exists distinction?
How do I reset an each() operation part-way through?
How can I get the unique keys from two hashes?
How can I store a multidimensional array in a DBM file?
How can I make my hash remember the order I put elements into it?
Why does passing a subroutine an undefined element in a hash create it?
hashes or arrays?
How can I make the Perl equivalent of a C structure/C++ class/hash or array of
How can I use a reference as a hash key?
Data: Misc
How do I handle binary data correctly?
How do I determine whether a scalar is a number/whole/integer/float?
How do I keep persistent data across program calls?
How do I print out or copy a recursive data structure?
How do I define methods for every class/object?
How do I verify a credit card checksum?
AUTHOR AND COPYRIGHT
perlfaq5 - Files and Formats ($Revision: 1.22 $, $Date: 1997/04/24
22:44:02 $)
DESCRIPTION
How do I flush/unbuffer a filehandle? Why must I do this?
the middle of a file/append to the beginning of a file?
How do I change one line in a file/delete a line in a file/insert a line in
How do I count the number of lines in a file?
How do I make a temporary file name?
How can I manipulate fixed-record-length files?
between subroutines? How do I make an array of filehandles?
How can I make a filehandle local to a subroutine? How do I pass filehandles
Page 8
PERLTOC(1) PERLTOC(1)
How can I set up a footer format to be used with write()?
How can I write() into a string?
How can I output my numbers with commas added?
How can I translate tildes (~) in a filename?
How come when I open the file read-write it wipes it out?
Why do I sometimes get an "Argument list too long" when I use <*>?
Is there a leak/bug in glob()?
How can I open a file with a leading ">" or trailing blanks?
How can I reliably rename a file?
How can I lock a file?
What can't I just open(FH, ">file.lock
How can I do this?
I still don't get locking. I just want to increment the number in the file.
How do I randomly update a binary file?
How do I get a file's timestamp in perl?
How do I set a file's timestamp in perl?
How do I print to more than one file at once?
How can I read in a file by paragraphs?
How can I read a single character from a file? From the keyboard?
How can I tell if there's a character waiting on a filehandle?
How do I open a file without blocking?
How do I create a file only if it doesn't exist?
How do I do a tail -f in perl?
How do I dup() a filehandle in Perl?
How do I close a file descriptor by number?
work?
Why can't I use "C:\temp\foo" in DOS paths? What doesn't `C:\temp\foo.exe`
Page 9
PERLTOC(1) PERLTOC(1)
Why doesn't glob'*.*' get all the files?
files? Isn't this a bug in Perl?
Why does Perl let me delete read-only files? Why does -
i clobber protected
How do I select a random line from a file?
AUTHOR AND COPYRIGHT
perlfaq6 - Regexps ($Revision: 1.17 $, $Date: 1997/04/24 22:44:10 $)
DESCRIPTION
unmaintainable code?
How can I hope to use regular expressions without creating illegible and
Comments Outside the Regexp, Comments Inside the Regexp, Different
Delimiters
I'm having trouble matching over more than one line. What's wrong?
lines?
How can I pull out lines between two patterns that are themselves on different
I put a regular expression into $/ but it didn't work. What's wrong?
RHS?
How do I substitute case insensitively on the LHS, but preserving case on the
How can I make \w match accented characters?
How can I match a locale-smart version of /[a-zA-Z]/?
How can I quote a variable to use in a regexp?
What is /o really for?
How do I use a regular expression to strip C style comments from a file?
Can I use Perl regular expressions to match balanced text?
What does it mean that regexps are greedy? How can I get around it?
How do I process each word on each line?
How can I print out a word-frequency or line-frequency summary?
How can I do approximate matching?
How do I efficiently match many regular expressions at once?
Page 10
PERLTOC(1) PERLTOC(1)
Why don't word-boundary searches with \b work for me?
Why does using $&, $`, or $' slow my program down?
What good is \G in a regular expression?
Are Perl regexps DFAs or NFAs? Are they POSIX compliant?
What's wrong with using grep or map in a void context?
How can I match strings with multibyte characters?
AUTHOR AND COPYRIGHT
perlfaq7 - Perl Language Issues ($Revision: 1.18 $, $Date: 1997/04/24
22:44:14 $)
DESCRIPTION
Can I get a BNF/yacc/RE for the Perl language?
What are all these $@%* punctuation signs, and how do I know when to use them?
Do I always/never have to quote my strings or use semicolons and commas?
How do I skip some return values?
How do I temporarily block warnings?
What's an extension?
Why do Perl operators have different precedence than C operators?
How do I declare/create a structure?
How do I create a module?
How do I create a class?
How can I tell if a variable is tainted?
What's a closure?
What is variable suicide and how can I prevent it?
How can I pass/return a {Function, FileHandle, Array, Hash, Method, Regexp}?
Passing Variables and Functions, Passing Filehandles, Passing
Regexps, Passing Methods
How do I create a static variable?
Page 11
PERLTOC(1) PERLTOC(1)
local() and my()?
What's the difference between dynamic and lexical (static) scoping? Between
scope?
How can I access a dynamic variable while a similarly named lexical is in
What's the difference between deep and shallow binding?
Why doesn't "local($foo) = <FILE>;" work right?
How do I redefine a builtin function, operator, or method?
What's the difference between calling a function as &foo and foo()?
How do I create a switch or case statement?
How can I catch accesses to undefined variables/functions/methods?
Why can't a method included in this same file be found?
How can I find out my current package?
How can I comment out a large block of perl code?
AUTHOR AND COPYRIGHT
perlfaq8 - System Interaction ($Revision: 1.21 $, $Date: 1997/04/24
22:44:19 $)
DESCRIPTION
How do I find out which operating system I'm running under?
How come exec() doesn't return?
How do I do fancy stuff with the keyboard/screen/mouse?
Keyboard, Screen, Mouse
How do I ask the user for a password?
How do I read and write the serial port?
lockfiles, open mode, end of line, flushing output, non-blocking
input
How do I decode encrypted password files?
How do I start a process in the background?
STDIN, STDOUT and STDERR are shared, Signals, Zombies
How do I trap control characters/signals?
Page 12
PERLTOC(1) PERLTOC(1)
How do I modify the shadow password file on a Unix system?
How do I set the time and date?
How can I sleep() or alarm() for under a second?
How can I measure time under a second?
How can I do an atexit() or setjmp()/longjmp()? (Exception handling)
error message "Protocol not supported" mean?
Why doesn't my sockets program work under System V (Solaris)? What does the
How can I call my system's unique C functions from Perl?
Where do I get the include files to do ioctl() or syscall()?
Why do setuid perl scripts complain about kernel problems?
How can I open a pipe both to and from a command?
Why can't I get the output of a command with system()?
How can I capture STDERR from an external command?
Why doesn't open() return an error when a pipe open fails?
What's wrong with using backticks in a void context?
How can I call backticks without shell processing?
MS-DOS)?
Why can't my script read from STDIN after I gave it EOF (^D on Unix, ^Z on
How can I convert my shell script to perl?
Can I use perl to run a telnet or ftp session?
How can I write expect in Perl?
Is there a way to hide perl's command line from programs such as "ps"?
change disappeared when I exited the script? How do I get my changes to be
visible?
I {changed directory, modified my environment} in a perl script. How come the
Unix, VMS
How do I close a process's filehandle without waiting for it to complete?
How do I fork a daemon process?
Page 13
PERLTOC(1) PERLTOC(1)
How do I make my program run with sh and csh?
How do I find out if I'm running interactively or not?
How do I timeout a slow event?
How do I set CPU limits?
How do I avoid zombies on a Unix system?
How do I use an SQL database?
How do I make a system() exit on control-C?
How do I open a file without blocking?
How do I install a CPAN module?
How do I keep my own module/library directory?
path?
How do I add the directory my program lives in to the module/library search
How do I add a directory to my include path at runtime?
How do I get one key from the terminal at a time, under POSIX?
AUTHOR AND COPYRIGHT
perlfaq9 - Networking ($Revision: 1.17 $, $Date: 1997/04/24 22:44:29 $)
DESCRIPTION
fix it?
My CGI script runs from the command line but not the browser. Can you help me
How do I remove HTML from a string?
How do I extract URLs?
another machine?
How do I download a file from the user's machine? How do I open a file on
How do I make a pop-up menu in HTML?
How do I fetch an HTML file?
how do I decode or create those %-encodings on the web?
How do I redirect to another page?
Page 14
PERLTOC(1) PERLTOC(1)
How do I put a password on my web pages?
How do I edit my .htpasswd and .htgroup files with Perl?
script to do bad things?
How do I make sure users can't enter values into a form that cause my CGI
How do I parse an email header?
How do I decode a CGI form?
How do I check a valid email address?
How do I decode a MIME/BASE64 string?
How do I return the user's email address?
How do I send/read mail?
How do I find out my hostname/domainname/IP address?
How do I fetch a news article or the active newsgroups?
How do I fetch/put an FTP file?
How can I do RPC in Perl?
AUTHOR AND COPYRIGHT
perldelta - what's new for perl5.004
DESCRIPTION
Supported Environments
Core Changes
List assignment to %ENV works
"Can't locate Foo.pm in @INC" error now lists @INC
Compilation option: Binary compatibility with 5.003
$PERL5OPT environment variable
Limitations on -M, -m, and -T options
More precise warnings
Deprecated: Inherited AUTOLOAD for non-methods
Page 15
PERLTOC(1) PERLTOC(1)
Previously deprecated %OVERLOAD is no longer usable
Subroutine arguments created only when they're modified
Group vector changeable with $)
Fixed parsing of $$<digit>, &$<digit>, etc.
No resetting of $. on implicit close
wantarray may return undef
Changes to tainting checks
No glob() or <*>, No spawning if tainted $CDPATH, $ENV, $BASH_ENV,
No spawning if tainted $TERM doesn't look like a terminal name
New Opcode module and revised Safe module
Embedding improvements
Internal change: FileHandle class based on IO::* classes
Internal change: PerlIO abstraction interface
New and changed syntax
$coderef->(PARAMS)
New and changed builtin constants
__PACKAGE__
New and changed builtin variables
$^E, $^H, $^M
New and changed builtin functions
delete on slices, flock, printf and sprintf, keys as an lvalue, my()
in Control Structures, pack() and unpack(), sysseek(), use VERSION,
use Module VERSION LIST, prototype(FUNCTION), srand, $_ as Default,
m//gc does not reset search position on failure, m//x ignores
whitespace before ?*+{}, nested sub{} closures work now, formats
work right on changing lexicals
New builtin methods
isa(CLASS), can(METHOD), VERSION( [NEED] )
TIEHANDLE now supported
TIEHANDLE classname, LIST, PRINT this, LIST, PRINTF this, LIST, READ
this LIST, READLINE this, GETC this, DESTROY this
Malloc enhancements
-DDEBUGGING_MSTATS, -DPERL_EMERGENCY_SBRK, -DPACK_MALLOC,
-DTWO_POT_OPTIMIZE
Page 16
PERLTOC(1) PERLTOC(1)
Miscellaneous efficiency enhancements
Support for More Operating Systems
Win32
Plan 9
QNX
AmigaOS
Pragmata
use autouse MODULE => qw(sub1 sub2 sub3), use blib, use blib 'dir', use
constant NAME => VALUE, use locale, use ops, use vmsish
Modules
Required Updates
Installation directories
Module information summary
Fcntl
IO
Math::Complex
Math::Trig
DB_File
Net::Ping
Object-oriented overrides for builtin operators
Utility Changes
pod2html
Sends converted HTML to standard output
xsubpp
void XSUBs now default to returning nothing
C Language API Changes
gv_fetchmethod and perl_call_sv, perl_eval_pv, Extended API for
manipulating hashes
Page 17
PERLTOC(1) PERLTOC(1)
Documentation Changes
the perldelta manpage, the perlfaq manpage, the perllocale manpage, the
perltoot manpage, the perlapio manpage, the perlmodlib manpage, the
perldebug manpage, the perlsec manpage
New Diagnostics
"my" variable %s masks earlier declaration in same scope, %s argument is
not a HASH element or slice, Allocation too large: %lx, Allocation too
large, Applying %s to %s will act on scalar(%s), Attempt to free
nonexistent shared string, Attempt to use reference as lvalue in substr,
Can't redefine active sort subroutine %s, Can't use bareword ("%s") as %s
ref while "strict refs" in use, Cannot resolve method `%s' overloading
`%s' in package `%s', Constant subroutine %s redefined, Constant
subroutine %s undefined, Copy method did not return a reference, Died,
Exiting pseudo-block via %s, Identifier too long, Illegal character %s
(carriage return), Illegal switch in PERL5OPT: %s, Integer overflow in
hex number, Integer overflow in octal number, internal error: glob
failed, Invalid conversion in %s: "%s", Invalid type in pack: '%s',
Invalid type in unpack: '%s', Name "%s::%s" used only once: possible
typo, Null picture in formline, Offset outside string, Out of memory!,
Out of memory during request for %s, panic: frexp, Possible attempt to
put comments in qw() list, Possible attempt to separate words with
commas, Scalar value @%s{%s} better written as $%s{%s}, Stub found while
resolving method `%s' overloading `%s' in package `%s', Too late for "-T"
option, untie attempted while %d inner references still exist,
Unrecognized character %s, Unsupported function fork, Use of "$$<digit>"
to mean "${$}<digit>" is deprecated, Value of %s can be "0"; test with
defined(), Variable "%s" may be unavailable, Variable "%s" will not stay
shared, Warning: something's wrong, Ill-formed logical name |%s| in
prime_env_iter, Got an error from DosAllocMem, Malformed PERLLIB_PREFIX,
PERL_SH_DIR too long, Process terminated by SIG%s
BUGS
SEE ALSO
HISTORY
perldata - Perl data types
DESCRIPTION
Variable names
Context
Scalar values
Scalar value constructors
Page 18
PERLTOC(1) PERLTOC(1)
List value constructors
Typeglobs and Filehandles
perlsyn - Perl syntax
DESCRIPTION
Declarations
Simple statements
Compound statements
Loop Control
For Loops
Foreach Loops
Basic BLOCKs and Switch Statements
Goto
PODs: Embedded Documentation
Plain Old Comments (Not!)
perlop - Perl operators and precedence
SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION
Terms and List Operators (Leftward)
The Arrow Operator
Auto-increment and Auto-decrement
Exponentiation
Symbolic Unary Operators
Binding Operators
Multiplicative Operators
Additive Operators
Page 19
PERLTOC(1) PERLTOC(1)
Shift Operators
Named Unary Operators
Relational Operators
Equality Operators
Bitwise And
Bitwise Or and Exclusive Or
C-style Logical And
C-style Logical Or
Range Operator
Conditional Operator
Assignment Operators
Comma Operator
List Operators (Rightward)
Logical Not
Logical And
Logical or and Exclusive Or
C Operators Missing From Perl
unary &, unary *, (TYPE)
Quote and Quote-like Operators
Regexp Quote-Like Operators
?PATTERN?, m/PATTERN/gimosx, /PATTERN/gimosx, q/STRING/, 'STRING',
qq/STRING/, "STRING", qx/STRING/, `STRING`, qw/STRING/,
s/PATTERN/REPLACEMENT/egimosx, tr/SEARCHLIST/REPLACEMENTLIST/cds,
y/SEARCHLIST/REPLACEMENTLIST/cds
I/O Operators
Constant Folding
Integer Arithmetic
Floating-point Arithmetic
Page 20
PERLTOC(1) PERLTOC(1)
perlre - Perl regular expressions
DESCRIPTION
i, m, s, x
Regular Expressions
(?#text), (?:regexp), (?=regexp), (?!regexp), (?imsx)
Backtracking
Version 8 Regular Expressions
WARNING on \1 vs $1
SEE ALSO
perlrun - how to execute the Perl interpreter
SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION
#! and quoting on non-Unix systems
OS/2, MS-DOS, Win95/NT, Macintosh
Switches
-0[digits], -a, -c, -d, -d:foo, -Dnumber, -Dlist, -e commandline,
-Fpattern, -h, -i[extension], -Idirectory, -l[octnum], -m[-]module,
-M[-]module, -M[-]'module ...', -[mM][-]module=arg[,arg]..., -n, -p,
-P, -s, -S, -T, -u, -U, -v, -V, -V:name, -w, -x directory
ENVIRONMENT
HOME, LOGDIR, PATH, PERL5LIB, PERL5OPT, PERLLIB, PERL5DB, PERL5SHELL
(specific to WIN32 port), PERL_DEBUG_MSTATS, PERL_DESTRUCT_LEVEL
perlfunc - Perl builtin functions
DESCRIPTION
I<THERE IS NO GENERAL RULE FOR CONVERTING A LIST INTO A SCALAR!>
Perl Functions by Category
Functions for SCALARs or strings, Regular expressions and pattern
matching, Numeric functions, Functions for real @ARRAYs, Functions
for list data, Functions for real %HASHes, Input and output
functions, Functions for fixed length data or records, Functions for
filehandles, files, or directories, Keywords related to the control
flow of your perl program, Keywords related to scoping,
Miscellaneous functions, Functions for processes and process groups,
Keywords related to perl modules, Keywords related to classes and
object-orientedness, Low-level socket functions, System V
Page 21
PERLTOC(1) PERLTOC(1)
interprocess communication functions, Fetching user and group info,
Fetching network info, Time-related functions, Functions new in
perl5, Functions obsoleted in perl5
Alphabetical Listing of Perl Functions
-X FILEHANDLE, -X EXPR, -X, abs VALUE, abs, accept
NEWSOCKET,GENERICSOCKET, alarm SECONDS, alarm, atan2 Y,X, bind
SOCKET,NAME, binmode FILEHANDLE, bless REF,CLASSNAME, bless REF,
caller EXPR, caller, chdir EXPR, chmod LIST, chomp VARIABLE, chomp
LIST, chomp, chop VARIABLE, chop LIST, chop, chown LIST, chr NUMBER,
chr, chroot FILENAME, chroot, close FILEHANDLE, closedir DIRHANDLE,
connect SOCKET,NAME, continue BLOCK, cos EXPR, crypt PLAINTEXT,SALT,
dbmclose HASH, dbmopen HASH,DBNAME,MODE, defined EXPR, defined,
delete EXPR, die LIST, do BLOCK, do SUBROUTINE(LIST), do EXPR, dump
LABEL, each HASH, eof FILEHANDLE, eof (), eof, eval EXPR, eval
BLOCK, exec LIST, exists EXPR, exit EXPR, exp EXPR, exp, fcntl
FILEHANDLE,FUNCTION,SCALAR, fileno FILEHANDLE, flock
FILEHANDLE,OPERATION, fork, format, formline PICTURE,LIST, getc
FILEHANDLE, getc, getlogin, getpeername SOCKET, getpgrp PID,
getppid, getpriority WHICH,WHO, getpwnam NAME, getgrnam NAME,
gethostbyname NAME, getnetbyname NAME, getprotobyname NAME, getpwuid
UID, getgrgid GID, getservbyname NAME,PROTO, gethostbyaddr
ADDR,ADDRTYPE, getnetbyaddr ADDR,ADDRTYPE, getprotobynumber NUMBER,
getservbyport PORT,PROTO, getpwent, getgrent, gethostent, getnetent,
getprotoent, getservent, setpwent, setgrent, sethostent STAYOPEN,
setnetent STAYOPEN, setprotoent STAYOPEN, setservent STAYOPEN,
endpwent, endgrent, endhostent, endnetent, endprotoent, endservent,
getsockname SOCKET, getsockopt SOCKET,LEVEL,OPTNAME, glob EXPR,
glob, gmtime EXPR, goto LABEL, goto EXPR, goto &NAME, grep BLOCK
LIST, grep EXPR,LIST, hex EXPR, hex, import, index
STR,SUBSTR,POSITION, index STR,SUBSTR, int EXPR, int, ioctl
FILEHANDLE,FUNCTION,SCALAR, join EXPR,LIST, keys HASH, kill LIST,
last LABEL, last, lc EXPR, lc, lcfirst EXPR, lcfirst, length EXPR,
length, link OLDFILE,NEWFILE, listen SOCKET,QUEUESIZE, local EXPR,
localtime EXPR, log EXPR, log, lstat FILEHANDLE, lstat EXPR, lstat,
m//, map BLOCK LIST, map EXPR,LIST, mkdir FILENAME,MODE, msgctl
ID,CMD,ARG, msgget KEY,FLAGS, msgsnd ID,MSG,FLAGS, msgrcv
ID,VAR,SIZE,TYPE,FLAGS, my EXPR, next LABEL, next, no Module LIST,
oct EXPR, oct, open FILEHANDLE,EXPR, open FILEHANDLE, opendir
DIRHANDLE,EXPR, ord EXPR, ord, pack TEMPLATE,LIST, package
NAMESPACE, pipe READHANDLE,WRITEHANDLE, pop ARRAY, pop, pos SCALAR,
pos, print FILEHANDLE LIST, print LIST, print, printf FILEHANDLE
FORMAT, LIST, printf FORMAT, LIST, prototype FUNCTION, push
ARRAY,LIST, q/STRING/, qq/STRING/, qx/STRING/, qw/STRING/, quotemeta
EXPR, quotemeta, rand EXPR, rand, read
FILEHANDLE,SCALAR,LENGTH,OFFSET, read FILEHANDLE,SCALAR,LENGTH,
readdir DIRHANDLE, readlink EXPR, readlink, recv
SOCKET,SCALAR,LEN,FLAGS, redo LABEL, redo, ref EXPR, ref, rename
OLDNAME,NEWNAME, require EXPR, require, reset EXPR, reset, return
EXPR, return, reverse LIST, rewinddir DIRHANDLE, rindex
STR,SUBSTR,POSITION, rindex STR,SUBSTR, rmdir FILENAME, rmdir, s///,
scalar EXPR, seek FILEHANDLE,POSITION,WHENCE, seekdir DIRHANDLE,POS,
Page 22
PERLTOC(1) PERLTOC(1)
select FILEHANDLE, select, select RBITS,WBITS,EBITS,TIMEOUT, semctl
ID,SEMNUM,CMD,ARG, semget KEY,NSEMS,FLAGS, semop KEY,OPSTRING, send
SOCKET,MSG,FLAGS,TO, send SOCKET,MSG,FLAGS, setpgrp PID,PGRP,
setpriority WHICH,WHO,PRIORITY, setsockopt
SOCKET,LEVEL,OPTNAME,OPTVAL, shift ARRAY, shift, shmctl ID,CMD,ARG,
shmget KEY,SIZE,FLAGS, shmread ID,VAR,POS,SIZE, shmwrite
ID,STRING,POS,SIZE, shutdown SOCKET,HOW, sin EXPR, sin, sleep EXPR,
sleep, socket SOCKET,DOMAIN,TYPE,PROTOCOL, socketpair
SOCKET1,SOCKET2,DOMAIN,TYPE,PROTOCOL, sort SUBNAME LIST, sort BLOCK
LIST, sort LIST, splice ARRAY,OFFSET,LENGTH,LIST, splice
ARRAY,OFFSET,LENGTH, splice ARRAY,OFFSET, split
/PATTERN/,EXPR,LIMIT, split /PATTERN/,EXPR, split /PATTERN/, split,
sprintf FORMAT, LIST, sqrt EXPR, sqrt, srand EXPR, srand, stat
FILEHANDLE, stat EXPR, stat, study SCALAR, study, sub BLOCK, sub
NAME, sub NAME BLOCK, substr EXPR,OFFSET,LEN, substr EXPR,OFFSET,
symlink OLDFILE,NEWFILE, syscall LIST, sysopen
FILEHANDLE,FILENAME,MODE, sysopen FILEHANDLE,FILENAME,MODE,PERMS,
sysread FILEHANDLE,SCALAR,LENGTH,OFFSET, sysread
FILEHANDLE,SCALAR,LENGTH, sysseek FILEHANDLE,POSITION,WHENCE, system
LIST, syswrite FILEHANDLE,SCALAR,LENGTH,OFFSET, syswrite
FILEHANDLE,SCALAR,LENGTH, tell FILEHANDLE, tell, telldir DIRHANDLE,
tie VARIABLE,CLASSNAME,LIST, tied VARIABLE, time, times, tr///,
truncate FILEHANDLE,LENGTH, truncate EXPR,LENGTH, uc EXPR, uc,
ucfirst EXPR, ucfirst, umask EXPR, umask, undef EXPR, undef, unlink
LIST, unlink, unpack TEMPLATE,EXPR, untie VARIABLE, unshift
ARRAY,LIST, use Module LIST, use Module, use Module VERSION LIST,
use VERSION, utime LIST, values HASH, vec EXPR,OFFSET,BITS, wait,
waitpid PID,FLAGS, wantarray, warn LIST, write FILEHANDLE, write
EXPR, write, y///
perlvar - Perl predefined variables
DESCRIPTION
Predefined Names
$ARG, $_, $<digit>, $MATCH, $&, $PREMATCH, $`, $POSTMATCH, $',
$LAST_PAREN_MATCH, $+, $MULTILINE_MATCHING, $*, input_line_number
HANDLE EXPR, $INPUT_LINE_NUMBER, $NR, $, input_record_separator
HANDLE EXPR, $INPUT_RECORD_SEPARATOR, $RS, $/, autoflush HANDLE
EXPR, $OUTPUT_AUTOFLUSH, $|, output_field_separator HANDLE EXPR,
$OUTPUT_FIELD_SEPARATOR, $OFS, $,, output_record_separator HANDLE
EXPR, $OUTPUT_RECORD_SEPARATOR, $ORS, $\, $LIST_SEPARATOR, $",
$SUBSCRIPT_SEPARATOR, $SUBSEP, $;, $OFMT, $#, format_page_number
HANDLE EXPR, $FORMAT_PAGE_NUMBER, $%, format_lines_per_page HANDLE
EXPR, $FORMAT_LINES_PER_PAGE, $=, format_lines_left HANDLE EXPR,
$FORMAT_LINES_LEFT, $-, format_name HANDLE EXPR, $FORMAT_NAME, $~,
format_top_name HANDLE EXPR, $FORMAT_TOP_NAME, $^,
format_line_break_characters HANDLE EXPR,
$FORMAT_LINE_BREAK_CHARACTERS, $:, format_formfeed HANDLE EXPR,
$FORMAT_FORMFEED, $^L, $ACCUMULATOR, $^A, $CHILD_ERROR, $?,
$OS_ERROR, $ERRNO, $!, $EXTENDED_OS_ERROR, $^E, $EVAL_ERROR, $@,
$PROCESS_ID, $PID, $$, $REAL_USER_ID, $UID, $<, $EFFECTIVE_USER_ID,
Page 23
PERLTOC(1) PERLTOC(1)
$EUID, $>, $REAL_GROUP_ID, $GID, $(, $EFFECTIVE_GROUP_ID, $EGID, $),
$PROGRAM_NAME, $0, $[, $PERL_VERSION, $], $DEBUGGING, $^D,
$SYSTEM_FD_MAX, $^F, $^H, $INPLACE_EDIT, $^I, $OSNAME, $^O, $PERLDB,
$^P, $BASETIME, $^T, $WARNING, $^W, $EXECUTABLE_NAME, $^X, $ARGV,
@ARGV, @INC, %INC, $ENV{expr}, $SIG{expr}, $^M
perlsub - Perl subroutines
SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION
Private Variables via my()
Temporary Values via local()
Passing Symbol Table Entries (typeglobs)
Pass by Reference
Prototypes
Constant Functions
Overriding Builtin Functions
Autoloading
SEE ALSO
perlmod - Perl modules (packages and symbol tables)
DESCRIPTION
Packages
Symbol Tables
Package Constructors and Destructors
Perl Classes
Perl Modules
SEE ALSO
perlmodlib - constructing new Perl modules and finding existing ones
DESCRIPTION
Page 24
PERLTOC(1) PERLTOC(1)
THE PERL MODULE LIBRARY
Pragmatic Modules
use autouse MODULE => qw(sub1 sub2 sub3), blib, diagnostics,
integer, less, lib, locale, ops, overload, sigtrap, strict, subs,
vmsish, vars
Standard Modules
AnyDBM_File, AutoLoader, AutoSplit, Benchmark, CPAN,
CPAN::FirstTime, CPAN::Nox, Carp, Class::Struct, Config, Cwd,
DB_File, Devel::SelfStubber, DirHandle, DynaLoader, English, Env,
Exporter, ExtUtils::Embed, ExtUtils::Install, ExtUtils::Liblist,
ExtUtils::MM_OS2, ExtUtils::MM_Unix, ExtUtils::MM_VMS,
ExtUtils::MakeMaker, ExtUtils::Manifest, ExtUtils::Mkbootstrap,
ExtUtils::Mksymlists, ExtUtils::testlib, Fcntl, File::Basename,
File::CheckTree, File::Compare, File::Copy, File::Find, File::Path,
File::stat, FileCache, FileHandle, FindBin, GDBM_File, Getopt::Long,
Getopt::Std, I18N::Collate, IO, IO::File, IO::Handle, IO::Pipe,
IO::Seekable, IO::Select, IO::Socket, IPC::Open2, IPC::Open3,
Math::BigFloat, Math::BigInt, Math::Complex, Math::Trig, NDBM_File,
Net::Ping, Net::hostent, Net::netent, Net::protoent, Net::servent,
Opcode, Pod::Text, POSIX, SDBM_File, Safe, Search::Dict,
SelectSaver, SelfLoader, Shell, Socket, Symbol, Sys::Hostname,
Sys::Syslog, Term::Cap, Term::Complete, Term::ReadLine,
Test::Harness, Text::Abbrev, Text::ParseWords, Text::Soundex,
Text::Tabs, Text::Wrap, Tie::Hash, Tie::RefHash, Tie::Scalar,
Tie::SubstrHash, Time::Local, Time::gmtime, Time::localtime,
Time::tm, UNIVERSAL, User::grent, User::pwent
Extension Modules
CPAN
Language Extensions and Documentation Tools, Development Support,
Operating System Interfaces, Networking, Device Control (modems) and
InterProcess Communication, Data Types and Data Type Utilities, Database
Interfaces, User Interfaces, Interfaces to / Emulations of Other
Programming Languages, File Names, File Systems and File Locking (see
also File Handles), String Processing, Language Text Processing, Parsing,
and Searching, Option, Argument, Parameter, and Configuration File
Processing, Internationalization and Locale, Authentication, Security,
and Encryption, World Wide Web, HTML, HTTP, CGI, MIME, Server and Daemon
Utilities, Archiving and Compression, Images, Pixmap and Bitmap
Manipulation, Drawing, and Graphing, Mail and Usenet News, Control Flow
Utilities (callbacks and exceptions etc), File Handle and Input/Output
Stream Utilities, Miscellaneous Modules, Africa, Asia, Australasia,
Europe, North America, South America
Modules: Creation, Use, and Abuse
Guidelines for Module Creation
Do similar modules already exist in some form?, Try to design the
new module to be easy to extend and reuse, Some simple style
Page 25
PERLTOC(1) PERLTOC(1)
guidelines, Select what to export, Select a name for the module,
Have you got it right?, README and other Additional Files, A
description of the module/package/extension etc, A copyright notice
- see below, Prerequisites - what else you may need to have, How to
build it - possible changes to Makefile.PL etc, How to install it,
Recent changes in this release, especially incompatibilities,
Changes / enhancements you plan to make in the future, Adding a
Copyright Notice, Give the module a version/issue/release number,
How to release and distribute a module, Take care when changing a
released module
Guidelines for Converting Perl 4 Library Scripts into Modules
There is no requirement to convert anything, Consider the
implications, Make the most of the opportunity, The pl2pm utility
will get you started, Adds the standard Module prologue lines,
Converts package specifiers from ' to ::, Converts die(...) to
croak(...), Several other minor changes
Guidelines for Reusing Application Code
Complete applications rarely belong in the Perl Module Library, Many
applications contain some perl code which could be reused, Break-out
the reusable code into one or more separate module files, Take the
opportunity to reconsider and redesign the interfaces, In some cases
the 'application' can then be reduced to a small
NOTE
perlform - Perl formats
DESCRIPTION
Format Variables
NOTES
Footers
Accessing Formatting Internals
WARNINGS
perllocale - Perl locale handling (internationalization and localization)
DESCRIPTION
PREPARING TO USE LOCALES
USING LOCALES
The use locale pragma
Page 26
PERLTOC(1) PERLTOC(1)
The setlocale function
The localeconv function
LOCALE CATEGORIES
Category LC_COLLATE: Collation
Category LC_CTYPE: Character Types
Category LC_NUMERIC: Numeric Formatting
Category LC_MONETARY: Formatting of monetary amounts
LC_TIME
Other categories
SECURITY
Comparison operators (lt, le, ge, gt and cmp):, Case-mapping
interpolation (with \l, \L, \u or <\U>), Matching operator (m//):,
Substitution operator (s///):, In-memory formatting function
(sprintf()):, Output formatting functions (printf() and write()):, Case-
mapping functions (lc(), lcfirst(), uc(), ucfirst()):, POSIX locale-
dependent functions (localeconv(), strcoll(),strftime(), strxfrm()):,
POSIX character class tests (isalnum(), isalpha(), isdigit(),isgraph(),
islower(), isprint(), ispunct(), isspace(), isupper(), isxdigit()):
ENVIRONMENT
PERL_BADLANG, LC_ALL, LC_CTYPE, LC_COLLATE, LC_MONETARY, LC_NUMERIC,
LC_TIME, LANG
NOTES
Backward compatibility
I18N:Collate obsolete
Sort speed and memory use impacts
write() and LC_NUMERIC
Freely available locale definitions
I18n and l10n
An imperfect standard
BUGS
Page 27
PERLTOC(1) PERLTOC(1)
Broken systems
SEE ALSO
HISTORY
perlref - Perl references and nested data structures
DESCRIPTION
Symbolic references
Not-so-symbolic references
WARNING
SEE ALSO
perldsc - Perl Data Structures Cookbook
DESCRIPTION
arrays of arrays, hashes of arrays, arrays of hashes, hashes of hashes,
more elaborate constructs
REFERENCES
COMMON MISTAKES
CAVEAT ON PRECEDENCE
WHY YOU SHOULD ALWAYS use strict
DEBUGGING
CODE EXAMPLES
LISTS OF LISTS
Declaration of a LIST OF LISTS
Generation of a LIST OF LISTS
Access and Printing of a LIST OF LISTS
HASHES OF LISTS
Declaration of a HASH OF LISTS
Generation of a HASH OF LISTS
Page 28
PERLTOC(1) PERLTOC(1)
Access and Printing of a HASH OF LISTS
LISTS OF HASHES
Declaration of a LIST OF HASHES
Generation of a LIST OF HASHES
Access and Printing of a LIST OF HASHES
HASHES OF HASHES
Declaration of a HASH OF HASHES
Generation of a HASH OF HASHES
Access and Printing of a HASH OF HASHES
MORE ELABORATE RECORDS
Declaration of MORE ELABORATE RECORDS
Declaration of a HASH OF COMPLEX RECORDS
Generation of a HASH OF COMPLEX RECORDS
Database Ties
SEE ALSO
AUTHOR
perllol, perlLoL - Manipulating Lists of Lists in Perl
DESCRIPTION
Declaration and Access of Lists of Lists
Growing Your Own
Access and Printing
Slices
SEE ALSO
AUTHOR
perltoot - Tom's object-oriented tutorial for perl
Page 29
PERLTOC(1) PERLTOC(1)
DESCRIPTION
Creating a Class
Object Representation
Class Interface
Constructors and Instance Methods
Planning for the Future: Better Constructors
Destructors
Other Object Methods
Class Data
Accessing Class Data
Debugging Methods
Class Destructors
Documenting the Interface
Aggregation
Inheritance
Overridden Methods
Multiple Inheritance
UNIVERSAL: The Root of All Objects
Alternate Object Representations
Arrays as Objects
Closures as Objects
AUTOLOAD: Proxy Methods
Autoloaded Data Methods
Inherited Autoloaded Data Methods
Metaclassical Tools
Page 30
PERLTOC(1) PERLTOC(1)
Class::Struct
Data Members as Variables
NOTES
Object Terminology
SEE ALSO
COPYRIGHT
Acknowledgments
perlobj - Perl objects
DESCRIPTION
An Object is Simply a Reference
A Class is Simply a Package
A Method is Simply a Subroutine
Method Invocation
Default UNIVERSAL methods
isa(CLASS), can(METHOD), VERSION( [NEED] )
Destructors
WARNING
Summary
Two-Phased Garbage Collection
SEE ALSO
perltie - how to hide an object class in a simple variable
SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION
Tying Scalars
TIESCALAR classname, LIST, FETCH this, STORE this, value, DESTROY
this
Tying Arrays
TIEARRAY classname, LIST, FETCH this, index, STORE this, index,
value, DESTROY this
Page 31
PERLTOC(1) PERLTOC(1)
Tying Hashes
USER, HOME, CLOBBER, LIST, TIEHASH classname, LIST, FETCH this, key,
STORE this, key, value, DELETE this, key, CLEAR this, EXISTS this,
key, FIRSTKEY this, NEXTKEY this, lastkey, DESTROY this
Tying FileHandles
TIEHANDLE classname, LIST, PRINT this, LIST, PRINTF this, LIST, READ
this LIST, READLINE this, GETC this, DESTROY this
The untie Gotcha
SEE ALSO
BUGS
AUTHOR
perlbot - Bag'o Object Tricks (the BOT)
DESCRIPTION
OO SCALING TIPS
INSTANCE VARIABLES
SCALAR INSTANCE VARIABLES
INSTANCE VARIABLE INHERITANCE
OBJECT RELATIONSHIPS
OVERRIDING SUPERCLASS METHODS
USING RELATIONSHIP WITH SDBM
THINKING OF CODE REUSE
CLASS CONTEXT AND THE OBJECT
INHERITING A CONSTRUCTOR
DELEGATION
perlipc - Perl interprocess communication (signals, fifos, pipes, safe
subprocesses, sockets, and semaphores)
DESCRIPTION
Signals
Page 32
PERLTOC(1) PERLTOC(1)
Named Pipes
Using open() for IPC
Filehandles
Background Processes
Complete Dissociation of Child from Parent
Safe Pipe Opens
Bidirectional Communication with Another Process
Sockets: Client/Server Communication
Internet TCP Clients and Servers
Unix-Domain TCP Clients and Servers
TCP Clients with IO::Socket
A Simple Client
Proto, PeerAddr, PeerPort
A Webget Client
Interactive Client with IO::Socket
TCP Servers with IO::Socket
Proto, LocalPort, Listen, Reuse
UDP: Message Passing
SysV IPC
NOTES
BUGS
AUTHOR
SEE ALSO
perldebug - Perl debugging
DESCRIPTION
The Perl Debugger
Page 33
PERLTOC(1) PERLTOC(1)
Debugger Commands
h [command], p expr, x expr, V [pkg [vars]], X [vars], T, s [expr],
n [expr], <CR>, c [line|sub], l, l min+incr, l min-max, l line, l
subname, -, w [line], f filename, /pattern/, ?pattern?, L, S
[[!]pattern], t, t expr, b [line] [condition], b subname
[condition], b postpone subname [condition], b load filename, b
compile subname, d [line], D, a [line] command, A, O [opt[=val]]
[opt"val"] [opt?].., recallCommand, ShellBang, pager, tkRunning,
signalLevel, warnLevel, dieLevel, AutoTrace, LineInfo, inhibit_exit,
PrintRet, ornaments, frame, maxTraceLen, arrayDepth, hashDepth,
compactDump, veryCompact, globPrint, DumpDBFiles, DumpPackages,
quote, HighBit, undefPrint, UsageOnly, TTY, noTTY, ReadLine,
NonStop, < [ command ], << command, > command, >> command, { [
command ], {{ command, ! number, ! -number, ! pattern, !! cmd, H
-number, q or ^D, R, |dbcmd, ||dbcmd, = [alias value], command, m
expr, m package
Debugger input/output
Prompt, Multiline commands, Stack backtrace, Listing, Frame listing
Debugging compile-time statements
Debugger Customization
Readline Support
Editor Support for Debugging
The Perl Profiler
Debugger support in perl
Debugger Internals
Other resources
BUGS
perldiag - various Perl diagnostics
DESCRIPTION
perlsec - Perl security
DESCRIPTION
Laundering and Detecting Tainted Data
Switches On the "#!" Line
Page 34
PERLTOC(1) PERLTOC(1)
Cleaning Up Your Path
Security Bugs
Protecting Your Programs
perltrap - Perl traps for the unwary
DESCRIPTION
Awk Traps
C Traps
Sed Traps
Shell Traps
Perl Traps
Perl4 to Perl5 Traps
Discontinuance, Deprecation, and BugFix traps, Parsing Traps,
Numerical Traps, General data type traps, Context Traps - scalar,
list contexts, Precedence Traps, General Regular Expression Traps
using s///, etc, Subroutine, Signal, Sorting Traps, OS Traps, DBM
Traps, Unclassified Traps
Discontinuance, Deprecation, and BugFix traps
Discontinuance, Deprecation, BugFix, Discontinuance, Discontinuance,
Discontinuance, BugFix, Discontinuance, Discontinuance, BugFix,
Discontinuance, Discontinuance, Deprecation, Discontinuance
Parsing Traps
Parsing, Parsing, Parsing
Numerical Traps
Numerical, Numerical, Numerical
General data type traps
(Arrays), (Arrays), (Hashes), (Globs), (Scalar String), (Constants),
(Scalars), (Variable Suicide)
Context Traps - scalar, list contexts
(list context), (scalar context), (scalar context), (list, builtin)
Precedence Traps
Precedence, Precedence, Precedence, Precedence, Precedence,
Precedence, Precedence
General Regular Expression Traps using s///, etc.
Regular Expression, Regular Expression, Regular Expression, Regular
Expression, Regular Expression, Regular Expression, Regular
Page 35
PERLTOC(1) PERLTOC(1)
Expression, Regular Expression, Regular Expression
Subroutine, Signal, Sorting Traps
(Signals), (Sort Subroutine), warn() won't let you specify a
filehandle
OS Traps
(SysV), (SysV)
Interpolation Traps
Interpolation, Interpolation, Interpolation, Interpolation,
Interpolation, Interpolation, Interpolation, Interpolation,
Interpolation
DBM Traps
DBM, DBM
Unclassified Traps
Unclassified
perlstyle - Perl style guide
DESCRIPTION
perlpod - plain old documentation
DESCRIPTION
Embedding Pods in Perl Modules
Common Pod Pitfalls
SEE ALSO
AUTHOR
perlbook - Perl book information
DESCRIPTION
perlembed - how to embed perl in your C program
DESCRIPTION
PREAMBLE
Use C from Perl?, Use a Unix program from Perl?, Use Perl from
Perl?, Use C from C?, Use Perl from C?
ROADMAP
Page 36
PERLTOC(1) PERLTOC(1)
Compiling your C program
Adding a Perl interpreter to your C program
Calling a Perl subroutine from your C program
Evaluating a Perl statement from your C program
Performing Perl pattern matches and substitutions from your C program
Fiddling with the Perl stack from your C program
Maintaining a persistent interpreter
Maintaining multiple interpreter instances
Using Perl modules, which themselves use C libraries, from your C program
Embedding Perl under Win32
MORAL
AUTHOR
COPYRIGHT
perlapio - perl's IO abstraction interface.
SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION
PerlIO *, PerlIO_stdin(), PerlIO_stdout(), PerlIO_stderr(),
PerlIO_open(path, mode), PerlIO_fdopen(fd,mode),
PerlIO_printf(f,fmt,...), PerlIO_vprintf(f,fmt,a),
PerlIO_stdoutf(fmt,...), PerlIO_read(f,buf,count),
PerlIO_write(f,buf,count), PerlIO_close(f), PerlIO_puts(s,f),
PerlIO_putc(c,f), PerlIO_ungetc(c,f), PerlIO_getc(f), PerlIO_eof(f),
PerlIO_error(f), PerlIO_fileno(f), PerlIO_clearerr(f), PerlIO_flush(f),
PerlIO_tell(f), PerlIO_seek(f,o,w), PerlIO_getpos(f,p),
PerlIO_setpos(f,p), PerlIO_rewind(f), PerlIO_tmpfile()
Co-existence with stdio
PerlIO_importFILE(f,flags), PerlIO_exportFILE(f,flags),
PerlIO_findFILE(f), PerlIO_releaseFILE(p,f), PerlIO_setlinebuf(f),
PerlIO_has_cntptr(f), PerlIO_get_ptr(f), PerlIO_get_cnt(f),
PerlIO_canset_cnt(f), PerlIO_fast_gets(f), PerlIO_set_ptrcnt(f,p,c),
PerlIO_set_cnt(f,c), PerlIO_has_base(f), PerlIO_get_base(f),
PerlIO_get_bufsiz(f)
Page 37
PERLTOC(1) PERLTOC(1)
perlxs - XS language reference manual
DESCRIPTION
Introduction
On The Road
The Anatomy of an XSUB
The Argument Stack
The RETVAL Variable
The MODULE Keyword
The PACKAGE Keyword
The PREFIX Keyword
The OUTPUT: Keyword
The CODE: Keyword
The INIT: Keyword
The NO_INIT Keyword
Initializing Function Parameters
Default Parameter Values
The PREINIT: Keyword
The SCOPE: Keyword
The INPUT: Keyword
Variable-length Parameter Lists
The PPCODE: Keyword
Returning Undef And Empty Lists
The REQUIRE: Keyword
The CLEANUP: Keyword
The BOOT: Keyword
Page 38
PERLTOC(1) PERLTOC(1)
The VERSIONCHECK: Keyword
The PROTOTYPES: Keyword
The PROTOTYPE: Keyword
The ALIAS: Keyword
The INCLUDE: Keyword
The CASE: Keyword
The & Unary Operator
Inserting Comments and C Preprocessor Directives
Using XS With C++
Interface Strategy
Perl Objects And C Structures
The Typemap
EXAMPLES
XS VERSION
AUTHOR
perlxstut, perlXStut - Tutorial for XSUBs
DESCRIPTION
VERSION CAVEAT
DYNAMIC VERSUS STATIC
EXAMPLE 1
EXAMPLE 2
WHAT HAS GONE ON?
WRITING GOOD TEST SCRIPTS
EXAMPLE 3
WHAT'S NEW HERE?
Page 39
PERLTOC(1) PERLTOC(1)
INPUT AND OUTPUT PARAMETERS
THE XSUBPP COMPILER
THE TYPEMAP FILE
WARNING
EXAMPLE 4
WHAT HAS HAPPENED HERE?
SPECIFYING ARGUMENTS TO XSUBPP
THE ARGUMENT STACK
EXTENDING YOUR EXTENSION
DOCUMENTING YOUR EXTENSION
INSTALLING YOUR EXTENSION
SEE ALSO
Author
Last Changed
perlguts - Perl's Internal Functions
DESCRIPTION
Variables
Datatypes
What is an "IV"?
Working with SVs
What's Really Stored in an SV?
Working with AVs
Working with HVs
Hash API Extensions
References
Page 40
PERLTOC(1) PERLTOC(1)
Blessed References and Class Objects
Creating New Variables
Reference Counts and Mortality
Stashes and Globs
Double-Typed SVs
Magic Variables
Assigning Magic
Magic Virtual Tables
Finding Magic
Understanding the Magic of Tied Hashes and Arrays
Subroutines
XSUBs and the Argument Stack
Calling Perl Routines from within C Programs
Memory Allocation
PerlIO
Putting a C value on Perl stack
Scratchpads
Scratchpads and recursion
Compiled code
Code tree
Examining the tree
Compile pass 1: check routines
Compile pass 1a: constant folding
Compile pass 2: context propagation
Compile pass 3: peephole optimization
Page 41
PERLTOC(1) PERLTOC(1)
API LISTING
AvFILL, av_clear, av_extend, av_fetch, av_len, av_make, av_pop, av_push,
av_shift, av_store, av_undef, av_unshift, CLASS, Copy, croak, CvSTASH,
DBsingle, DBsub, DBtrace, dMARK, dORIGMARK, dowarn, dSP, dXSARGS, dXSI32,
dXSI32, ENTER, EXTEND, FREETMPS, G_ARRAY, G_DISCARD, G_EVAL, GIMME,
GIMME_V, G_NOARGS, G_SCALAR, G_VOID, gv_fetchmeth, gv_fetchmethod,
gv_fetchmethod_autoload, gv_stashpv, gv_stashsv, GvSV, HEf_SVKEY, HeHASH,
HeKEY, HeKLEN, HePV, HeSVKEY, HeSVKEY_force, HeSVKEY_set, HeVAL,
hv_clear, hv_delayfree_ent, hv_delete, hv_delete_ent, hv_exists,
hv_exists_ent, hv_fetch, hv_fetch_ent, hv_free_ent, hv_iterinit,
hv_iterkey, hv_iterkeysv, hv_iternext, hv_iternextsv, hv_iterval,
hv_magic, HvNAME, hv_store, hv_
|
