mailx(1) mailx(1)
NAME [Toc] [Back]
mailx - interactive message processing system
SYNOPSIS [Toc] [Back]
Send mode
mailx [-FUm] [-s subject] [-r address] [-h number] address ...
Receive mode [Toc] [Back]
mailx -e
mailx [-UHLiNn] [-u user]
mailx -f [-UHLiNn] [filename]
Obsolescent [Toc] [Back]
mailx [-f filename] [-UHLiNn]
DESCRIPTION [Toc] [Back]
mailx provides a comfortable, flexible environment for sending and
receiving messages electronically. When reading mail, mailx provides
commands to facilitate saving, deleting, and responding to messages.
When sending mail, mailx allows editing, reviewing and other
modification of the message as it is created.
Incoming mail for each user is stored in a standard file called the
system mailbox for that user. When using mailx to read messages, the
system mailbox is used unless an alternate mailbox file is specified
by using the -f option with or without a specific filename. As
incoming messages are read from the system mailbox, they are marked to
be moved to a secondary file for storage (unless specific action is
taken) so that the messages need not be seen again. This secondary
file is called the mbox and is usually located in the user's HOME
directory (see MBOX description under Environment Variables below for
a description of this file and other environment variables used by
mailx). Messages remain in this file until specifically removed.
Command-line options start with a hyphen (-), and any other arguments
are assumed to be destinations (recipients).
Arguments containing multiple words must be enclosed in quotes.
If no recipients are specified, mailx attempts to read messages from
the system mailbox.
Recipient addresses specified on the command line must total less than
1024 characters in length. You may declare an alias or group (see
COMMANDS below) to specify a recipient address or list of addresses of
up to 8191 characters, and use that alias or group name (though each
address in the list must still be less than 1024 characters). If you
wish to specify a list of recipient addresses of greater length than
this, have your system administrator declare an alias or group in the
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system alias file /etc/mail/aliases and use that alias name instead.
Options [Toc] [Back]
mailx recognizes the following command-line options:
-e Test for presence of mail. mailx prints nothing
and exits with a successful return code if there
is mail to read. Sometimes used in login scripts
such as $HOME/.profile to check for mail during
login.
-f Read messages from filename instead of the user's
system mailbox. If filename is not specified, the
secondary mbox is used.
-F Record the message in a file named after the first
recipient. Overrides the record environment
variable, if set.
-h number The number of network "hops" made so far. This is
provided for network software to prevent infinite
delivery loops.
-H Print header summary only.
-L Print complete header information only.
-i Ignore interrupts. Also see the description of
the ignore environment below.
-n Do not initialize from the system default mailx.rc
file.
-m Do not add MIME header lines Mime Version, Content
Type & Content Encoding to the header information
while sending mails.
-N Do not print initial header summary.
-r address Pass address to network delivery software. All
tilde commands are disabled.
-s subject Set the Subject header field to subject.
-u user Read user's mailbox. Can be used only if read
access to user's mailbox is not read protected.
-U Convert UUCP-style addresses to Internet
standards. Overrides the conv environment
variable.
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-d Turn on debugging output. Neither particularly
interesting nor recommended.
When reading mail, mailx operates in command mode. A header summary
of the first several messages is displayed, followed by a prompt
indicating that mailx can accept regular commands (see COMMANDS
below). When sending mail, mailx operates in input mode. If no
subject is specified on the command line, a prompt for the subject is
printed. As the message is typed, mailx reads the message and stores
it in a temporary file. Commands can be entered by beginning a line
with the tilde (~) escape character followed by a single command
letter and optional arguments. See TILDE ESCAPES for a summary of
these commands.
The behavior of mailx at any given time is governed by a set of
environment variables; flags and valued parameters that are set and
cleared by using the set and unset commands. See Environment
Variables below for a summary of these parameters.
Recipients listed on the command line can be of three types: login
names, shell commands, or alias groups. Login names can be any
network address, including mixed network addressing. If the recipient
name begins with a pipe symbol (|), the rest of the name is assumed to
be a shell command to pipe the message through. This provides an
automatic interface with any program that reads the standard input,
such as lp (see lp(1)) for recording outgoing mail on paper. Alias
groups are set by the alias command (see COMMANDS below) and are lists
of recipients of any type.
Regular commands are of the form
[command] [msglist ] [ arguments ]
If no command is specified in command mode, print is assumed. In
input mode, commands are recognized by the escape character (tilde
unless redefined by the escape environment variable), and lines not
treated as commands are treated as input for the message.
Each message is assigned a sequential number, and there is always the
notion of a current message, marked by a > in the header summary.
Many commands take an optional list of messages (msglist) to operate
on, which defaults to the current message. A msglist is a list of
message specifications separated by spaces. The message list can
include:
n Message number n.
. The current message.
^ The first undeleted message.
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$ The last message.
* All messages.
n-m An inclusive range of message numbers, n through m,
where n is less than m.
user All messages from user.
/string All messages with string in the subject line
(uppercase-lowercase differences are ignored).
:c All messages of type c, where c is one of:
d deleted messages
n new messages
o old messages
r read messages
u unread messages
Note that the context of the command determines whether
this type of message specification makes sense.
Other arguments are usually arbitrary strings whose usage depends on
the command involved.
File names, where expected, are expanded using normal shell
conventions (see sh(1)). Special characters are recognized by certain
commands, and are documented with the commands below.
At start-up time, mailx reads commands from a system-wide file
(/usr/share/lib/mailx.rc) to initialize certain parameters, then from
a private start-up file ($HOME/.mailrc) for personalized variables.
Most regular commands are legal inside start-up files, the most common
use being to set up initial display options and alias lists. The
following commands are not legal in the start-up file: !, Copy, edit,
followup, Followup, hold, mail, preserve, reply, Reply, shell, and
visual. Any errors in the start-up file cause the remaining lines in
the file to be ignored.
COMMANDS [Toc] [Back]
The following is a complete list of mailx commands:
! command Escape to the shell. See the description of the
SHELL environment variable below.
# comment Null command (comment). Useful in .mailrc files.
= Print the current message number.
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? Print a summary of commands.
<new-line> Advance to next message and print. If this is the
first command entered, the first unread message is
printed. (To read the current message, use
print.)
alias alias name...
group alias name... Declare an alias for the given names. The names
are substituted when alias is used as a recipient.
Useful in the .mailrc file.
alternates name... Declares a list of alternate names for your login.
When responding to a message, these names are
removed from the list of recipients for the
response. With no arguments, alternates prints
the current list of alternate names. See also
allnet under Environment Variables.
cd [directory]
chdir [directory] Change directory. If directory is not specified,
$HOME is used.
copy [filename]
copy [msglist] filename
Copy messages to the file without marking the
messages as saved. Otherwise equivalent to the
save command.
Copy [msglist] Save the specified messages in a file whose name
is derived from the author of the message to be
saved, without marking the messages as saved.
Otherwise equivalent to the Save command.
delete [msglist] Delete messages from the mailbox. If autoprint is
set, the next message after the last one deleted
is printed (see Environment Variables). See also
dp.
discard [header-field ...]
ignore [header-field ...]
Suppresses printing of the specified header fields
when displaying messages on the screen. Examples
of header fields to ignore are "status" and "cc."
The fields are included when the message is saved.
The Print and Type commands override this command.
dp[msglist]
dt[msglist] Delete the specified messages from the mailbox and
print the next message after the last one deleted.
Roughly equivalent to a delete command followed by
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a print command.
echo string ... Echo the given string or strings (similar to echo
- see echo(1)).
edit [msglist] Edit the given messages. The messages are placed
in a temporary file and the EDITOR variable is
used to get the name of the editor (see
Environment Variables). Default editor is ed (see
ed(1)).
exit
xit Exit from mailx, without changing the mailbox. No
messages are saved in the mbox (see also quit).
file [filename]
folder [filename] Quit from the current file of messages and read in
the specified file. Several special characters
are recognized when used as file names, and
substitutions are made as follows:
% the current mailbox.
%user the mailbox for user.
# the previous file.
& the current mbox.
Default file is the current mailbox.
folders Print the names of the files in the directory set
by the folder variable (see Environment
Variables).
followup [message] Respond to a message and record the response in a
file whose name is derived from the author of the
message. Overrides the record variable, if set.
See also the Followup, Save, and Copy commands and
outfolder (see Environment Variable).
Followup [msglist] Respond to the first message in the msglist,
sending the message to the author of each message
in the msglist. The subject line is extracted
from the first message and the response is
recorded in a file whose name is derived from the
author of the first message. See also the
followup, Save, and Copy commands and outfolder
(see Environment Variables).
from [msglist] Print the header summary for the specified
messages.
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group alias name...
alias alias name... Declare an alias for the given names. The names
are substituted when alias is used as a recipient.
Useful in the .mailrc file.
headers [message] Prints the page of headers which includes the
message specified. The screen variable sets the
number of headers per page (see Environment
Variables). See also the z command.
help Prints a summary of commands.
hold [msglist]
preserve [msglist] Holds the specified messages in the mailbox.
if s|r
mail-commands
else
mail-commands
endif Conditional execution, where s executes the
accompanying mail-commands, up to an else or endif
if the program is in send mode, and r causes the
accompanying mail-commands to be executed only in
receive mode. Intended for use in .mailrc files.
ignore header-field ...
discard header-field ...
Suppresses printing of the specified header fields
when displaying messages on the screen. Examples
of header fields to ignore are status and cc. All
fields are included when the message is saved.
The Print and Type commands override this command.
list Prints all commands available. No explanation is
given.
mail name ... Mail a message to the specified users.
mbox [msglist] Arrange for the given messages to end up in the
standard mbox save file when mailx terminates
normally. See MBOX description under Environment
Variables for a description of this file. See
also the exit and quit commands.
next [message] Go to next message matching message. A msglist
can be specified, but in this case the first valid
message in the list is the only one used. This is
useful for jumping to the next message from a
specific user since the name would be interpreted
as a command in the absence of a real command.
See the discussion of msglists above for a
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description of possible message specifications.
pipe [msglist] [command]
| [msglist] [command]
Pipe messages in msglist through the specified
command. Each message is treated as if it were
read. If msglist is not specified, the current
message is used. If command is not specified, the
command specified by the current value of the cmd
variable is used. If msglist is specified,
command must also be specified. If the page
variable is set, a form feed character is inserted
after each message (see Environment Variables).
preserve [msglist]
hold [msglist] Preserve the specified messages in the mailbox.
Print [msglist]
Type [msglist] Print the specified messages on the screen,
including all header fields. Overrides
suppression of fields by the ignore command.
print [msglist]
type [msglist] Print the specified messages. If crt is set,
messages longer than the number of lines specified
by the crt variable are paged through the command
specified by the PAGER variable. The default
command is pg (see pg(1)), but many users prefer
more (see more(1) - see Environment Variables).
quit Exit from mailx, storing messages that were read
in mbox and unread messages in the user's system
mailbox. Messages that have been explicitly saved
in a file are deleted.
Reply [msglist]
Respond [msglist] Send a response to the author of each message in
the msglist. The subject line is taken from the
first message. If record is set to a file name,
the response is saved at the end of that file (see
Environment Variables).
reply [message]
respond [message] Reply to the specified message, including all
other recipients of the message. If record is set
to a file name, the response is saved at the end
of that file (see Environment Variables).
Save [msglist] Save the specified messages in a file whose name
is derived from the author of the first message.
The name of the file is based on the author's name
with all network addressing stripped off. See
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also the Copy, followup, and Followup commands and
outfolder (see Environment Variables).
save [filename]
save [msglist] filename
Save the specified messages in the given file.
The file is created if it does not exist. The
message is deleted from the mailbox when mailx
terminates unless keepsave is set (see Environment
Variables and the exit and quit commands).
set
set name
set name=string
set name=number Define a variable called name. The variable can
be given a null, string, or numeric value. Set by
itself prints all defined variables and their
values (see Environment Variables for detailed
descriptions of the mailx variables).
shell Invoke an interactive shell (see SHELL under
Environment Variables).
size [msglist] Print the size in characters of the specified
messages.
source filename Read commands from the given file and return to
command mode.
top [msglist] Print the top few lines of the specified messages.
If the toplines variable is set, it is interpreted
as the number of lines to print (see Environment
Variables). The default is 5.
touch [msglist] Touch the specified messages. If any message in
msglist is not specifically saved in a file, it is
placed in the mbox upon normal termination. See
exit and quit.
Type [msglist]
Print [msglist] Print the specified messages on the screen,
including all header fields. Overrides
suppression of fields by the ignore command.
type [msglist]
print [msglist] Print the specified messages. If crt is set,
messages longer than the number of lines specified
by the crt variable are paged through the command
specified by the PAGER variable. The default
command is pg(1) but many users prefer more(1)
(see Environment Variables).
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unalias alias Discard the specified alias names.
undelete [msglist] Restore the specified deleted messages. Restores
only messages that were deleted in the current
mail session. If autoprint is set, the last
message of those restored is printed (see
Environment Variables ).
unset name... Cause the specified variables to be erased. If
the variable was a shell variable imported from
the execution environment, it cannot be erased.
version Prints the current version and release date.
visual [msglist] Edit the given messages with a screen editor. The
messages are placed in a temporary file and the
VISUAL variable is used to get the name of the
editor (see Environment Variables).
write [msglist] filename
Write the given messages on the specified file,
except for the header (the "From ..." line) and
trailing blank line. Otherwise equivalent to the
save command.
xit
exit Exit from mailx, without changing the mailbox. No
messages are saved in the mbox (see also quit).
z[+|-] Scroll the header display forward or backward one
screen-full. The number of headers displayed is
set by the screen variable (see Environment
Variables).
TILDE ESCAPES [Toc] [Back]
The following commands can be used only when in input mode, by
beginning a line with the tilde escape character (~). See escape (in
Environment Variables) for changing this special character.
~!command Escape to the shell.
~. Simulate end of file (terminate message input).
~:mail-command
~_ mail-command Perform the command-level request. Valid only
when sending a message while reading mail.
~? Print a summary of tilde escapes.
~A Insert the autograph string Sign into the message
(see Environment Variables).
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~a Insert the autograph string sign into the message
(see Environment Variables).
~b name ... Add name to the blind carbon copy (Bcc) list.
~c name ... Add name to the carbon copy (Cc) list.
~d Read in the dead.letter file. See DEAD (under
Environment Variables) for a description of this
file.
~e Invoke the editor on the partial message. Also
see the EDITOR environment variable description
below.
~f [msglist] Forward the specified messages. The messages are
inserted into the message without alteration.
~h Prompt for Subject line and To, Cc, and Bcc lists.
If the field is displayed with an initial value,
it can be edited as if you had just typed it.
~i string Insert the value of the named variable into the
text of the message. For example, ~A is
equivalent to ~i Sign.
~m [msglist] Insert the specified messages into the letter,
shifting the new text to the right one tab stop.
Valid only when sending a message while reading
mail.
~p Print the message being entered.
~q Quit (terminate) input mode by simulating an
interrupt. If the body of the message is not
null, the partial message is saved in dead.letter.
See the description of the DEAD environment
variable below for a description of this file.
~R name ... Add name to the Reply-To list.
~r filename
~< filename
~<!command Read in the specified file. If the argument
begins with an exclamation point (!), the rest of
the string is assumed to be an arbitrary shell
command and is executed, with the standard output
inserted into the message.
~s string ... Set the subject line to string.
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~t name ... Add the given names to the To list.
~v Invoke a preferred screen editor on the partial
message. Also see the VISUAL environment variable
description below.
~w filename Write the partial message onto the given file,
without the header.
~x Exit as with ~q except the message is not saved in
dead.letter.
~| command Pipe the body of the message through the given
command. If command returns a successful exit
status, the output of the command replaces the
message.
EXTERNAL INFLUENCES [Toc] [Back]
Environment Variables
The following variables are internal mailx program variables. They
can be imported from the execution environment or set by the set
command at any time. The unset command can be used to erase
variables.
allnet All network names whose login names match are
treated as identical. This causes the msglist
message specifications to behave similarly.
Default is noallnet. See also the alternates
command and the metoo variable.
append Upon termination, append messages to the end of
the mbox file instead of inserting them at the
beginning of the file. Default is noappend.
askbcc Prompt for the Bcc list after the message is
entered. Default is noaskbcc.
askcc Prompt for the Cc list after the message is
entered. Default is noaskcc.
asksub Prompt for a subject if it is not specified on the
command line with the -s option. Enabled by
default.
autoprint Enable automatic printing of messages after delete
and undelete commands. Default is noautoprint.
bang Enable special-case treatment of exclamation
points (!) in shell escape command lines as in
vi(1). Default is nobang.
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charset=charset Set the default character-set. If none is
specified, mailx will attempt to use the value of
LANG to look up the system default for the user's
locale. If that is unsuccessful, the default
value of us-ascii will be used.
cmd=command Set the default command for the pipe command. No
default value.
conv=conversion Convert UUCP addresses to the specified address
style. The only valid conversion currently
supported is internet, which requires a mail
delivery program conforming to the RFC822 standard
for electronic mail addressing. Conversion is
disabled by default. See also sendmail and the -U
command-line option.
crt=number Pipe messages having more than number lines
through the command specified by the value of the
PAGER variable pg by default (see pg(1)).
Disabled by default.
DEAD=filename The name of the file in which to save partial
letters in case of untimely interrupt or delivery
errors. Default is $HOME/dead.letter.
debug Enable verbose diagnostics for debugging.
Messages are not delivered. Default is nodebug.
dot When processing input from a terminal, interpret
an ASCII period character on a line by itself as
end-of-file. Default is nodot.
EDITOR=command The command to run when the edit or ~e command is
used. Default is ed (see ed(1)).
encoding=encoding Set the default encoding to be used when 8-bit
characters are present. Allowable values are
quoted-printable, base64 and 8bit. The short-hand
q-p is also acceptable for quoted-printable. The
default value will be determined based upon the
value of charset. A value of 8bit means not to
encode.
escape=c Substitute c for the ~ escape character.
folder=directory The directory for saving standard mail files.
User specified file names beginning with a plus
(+) are expanded by preceding the file name with
this directory name to obtain the real file name.
If directory does not start with a slash (/),
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$HOME is used as a prefix. There is no default
for the folder variable. See also outfolder
below.
header Enable printing of the header summary when
entering mailx. Enabled by default.
hold Preserve all messages that are read in the system
mailbox instead of putting them in the standard
mbox save file. Default is nohold.
ignore Ignore interrupts while entering messages. Useful
when communicating over noisy dial-up lines.
Default is noignore.
ignoreeof Ignore end-of-file during message input. Input
must be terminated by a period (.) on a line by
itself or by the ~. command. Default is
noignoreeof. See also dot above.
keep When the mailbox is empty, truncate it to zero
length instead of removing it. Disabled by
default.
keepsave Keep messages that have been saved in other files
in the system mailbox instead of deleting them.
Default is nokeepsave.
MBOX=filename The name of the file to save messages which have
been read. The xit command overrides this
function, as does saving the message explicitly in
another file. Default is $HOME/mbox.
metoo Usually, when a group (alias) containing the
sender is expanded, the sender is removed from the
expansion. Setting this option causes the sender
to be included in the group. Default is nometoo.
mimeheader=value To add or disable MIME header when sending mail.
"value" can be 'yes' or 'no'.
LISTER=command The command (and options) to use when listing
contents of the folder directory. The default is
ls(1).
NOMETAMAIL=value To disable the usage of metamail to read MIME
messages, set the value to TRUE. By default the
NOMETAMAIL variable is not set.
onehop When responding to a message that was originally
sent to several recipients, the other recipient
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addresses are normally forced to be relative to
the originating author's machine for the response.
This flag disables alteration of the recipients'
addresses, improving efficiency in a network where
all machines can send directly to all other
machines (i.e., one hop away).
outfolder Cause the files used to record outgoing messages
to be located in the directory specified by the
folder variable. Default is nooutfolder. See
folder above and the Save, Copy, followup, and
Followup commands.
page Used with the pipe command to insert a form feed
after each message sent through the pipe. Default
is nopage.
PAGER= command The command to use as a filter for paginating
output. This can also be used to specify the
pager command-line options (for example, set
PAGER="more -c"). Default is pg (see pg(1)), but
many users prefer more (see more(1)).
prompt= string Set the command mode prompt to string. Default is
?.
quiet Refrain from printing the opening message and
version when entering mailx. Default is noquiet.
record=filename Record all outgoing mail in filename. Disabled by
default. See also outfolder above.
replyto=address Specify address to which responses are to be sent.
save Enable saving of messages in dead.letter on
interrupt or delivery error. See DEAD for a
description of this file. Enabled by default.
screen=number Set the number of lines in a screen-full of
headers for the headers command.
sendmail=command Alternate command for delivering messages.
Default is mail (see mail(1)).
sendwait Wait for background mailer to finish before
returning. Default is nosendwait.
SHELL=command The name of a preferred command interpreter.
Default is the user's login program (see
passwd(4), shells(4), and chsh(1)). Note: in the
unusual case that a user's login program is a
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script file from which mailx is executed, rather
than a shell, then mailx requires that the user
explicitly set SHELL=/usr/bin/sh in his or her
$HOME/.mailrc file.
showto When displaying the header summary and the message
is from you, print the recipient's name instead of
the author's name.
sign=string The variable that is inserted into the text of a
message when the ~a (autograph) command is given.
No default (see also ~i under ILDE ESCAPES).
Sign=string The variable inserted into the text of a message
when the ~A command is given. No default (see
also ~i in TILDE ESCAPES).
SMARTMAILER When SMARTMAILER is set, various commands use the
From: line instead of the default From line.
toplines=number The number of lines of header to print with the
top command. Default is 5.
VISUAL=command The name of a preferred screen editor. Default is
vi (see vi(1)).
The following are environment variables taken from the execution
environment and are not alterable within mailx.
HOME The user's home directory. This is usually the
current directory immediately after login.
MAILRC The name of the mailer start-up file. Default is
$HOME/.mailrc.
LC_COLLATE [Toc] [Back]
LC_CTYPE LC_COLLATE and LC_CTYPE influence mailx when the
command interpreter (see SHELL below) is invoked.
To determine the behavior of LC_COLLATE and
LC_CTYPE, see the corresponding shell manual entry
for the applicable command interpreter
LC_TIME LC_TIME determines the format and contents of the
date and time strings displayed. If LC_TIME is
not specified in the environment, or is set to the
empty string, the value of LANG is used as a
default. If LANG is not specified or is set to
the empty string, a default of "C" (see lang(5))
is used instead of LANG. If any
internationalization variable contains an invalid
setting, mailx behaves as if all
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internationalization variables are set to "C".
See environ(5).
TMPDIR When set, the TMPDIR environment variable
specifies a directory to be used for temporary
files, overriding the default directory /tmp.
International Code Set Support [Toc] [Back]
Single- and multi-byte character code sets are supported within mail
text. Headers are restricted to characters from the 7-bit USASCII
character code set (see ascii(5)).
WARNINGS [Toc] [Back]
Where command is shown as valid, arguments are not always allowed.
Experimentation is recommended.
Internal variables imported from the execution environment cannot be
unset.
The full internet addressing is not fully supported by mailx. The new
internationalization standards need some time to settle down.
mail(1), the standard mail delivery program, treats a line consisting
solely of a dot (.) as the end of the message.
Using two separate mail programs to access the same mail file
simultaneously (usually inadvertently from two separate windows) can
cause unpredictable results.
Arguments containing multiple words must be enclosed in quotes.
Otherwise they may be interpreted incorrectly.
FILES [Toc] [Back]
/var/mail/ Post office directory (mode 775,
group ID mail)
/var/mail/user System mailbox for user (mode 660,
owned by user,group ID mail)
$HOME/.mailrc Personal start-up file
/usr/share/lib/mailx.rc Global start-up file
$HOME/mbox Secondary storage file
/tmp/R[emqsx]* Temporary files
SEE ALSO [Toc] [Back]
mail(1), pg(1), ls(1).
Hewlett-Packard Company - 17 - HP-UX 11i Version 2: Sep 2004
mailx(1) mailx(1)
STANDARDS CONFORMANCE [Toc] [Back]
mailx: SVID2, SVID3, XPG2, XPG3, XPG4, POSIX.2
Hewlett-Packard Company - 18 - HP-UX 11i Version 2: Sep 2004 [ Back ] |
