socket - Linux socket interface
#include <sys/socket.h>
mysocket = socket(int socket_family, int socket_type, int protocol);
This manual page describes the Linux networking socket layer user
interface. The BSD compatible sockets are the uniform interface between
the user process and the network protocol stacks in the kernel. The
protocol modules are grouped into protocol families like PF_INET,
PF_IPX, PF_PACKET and socket types like SOCK_STREAM or SOCK_DGRAM. See
socket(2) for more information on families and types.
SOCKET LAYER FUNCTIONS [Toc] [Back] These functions are used by the user process to send or receive packets
and to do other socket operations. For more information see their
respective manual pages.
socket(2) creates a socket, connect(2) connects a socket to a remote
socket address, the bind(2) function binds a socket to a local socket
address, listen(2) tells the socket that new connections shall be
accepted, and accept(2) is used to get a new socket with a new incomming
connection. socketpair(2) returns two connected anonymous sockets
(only implemented for a few local families like PF_UNIX)
send(2), sendto(2), and sendmsg(2) send data over a socket, and
recv(2), recvfrom(2), recvmsg(2) receive data from a socket. poll(2)
and select(2) wait for arriving data or a readiness to send data. In
addition, the standard I/O operations like write(2), writev(2), send-
file(2), read(2), and readv(2) can be used to read and write data.
getsockname(2) returns the local socket address and getpeername(2)
returns the remote socket address. getsockopt(2) and setsockopt(2) are
used to set or get socket layer or protocol options. ioctl(2) can be
used to set or read some other options.
close(2) is used to close a socket. shutdown(2) closes parts of a full
duplex socket connection.
Seeking, or calling pread(2) or pwrite(2) with a non-zero position is
not supported on sockets.
It is possible to do non-blocking IO on sockets by setting the O_NON-
BLOCK flag on a socket file descriptor using fcntl(2). Then all operations
that would block will (usually) return with EAGAIN (operation
should be retried later); connect(2) will return EINPROGRESS error.
The user can then wait for various events via poll(2) or select(2).
+--------------------------------------------------------------------+
| I/O events |
+-----------+-----------+--------------------------------------------+
|Event | Poll flag | Occurrence |
+-----------+-----------+--------------------------------------------+
|Read | POLLIN | New data arrived. |
+-----------+-----------+--------------------------------------------+
|Read | POLLIN | A connection setup has been completed (for |
| | | connection-oriented sockets) |
+-----------+-----------+--------------------------------------------+
|Read | POLLHUP | A disconnection request has been initiated |
| | | by the other end. |
+-----------+-----------+--------------------------------------------+
|Read | POLLHUP | A connection is broken (only for connec- |
| | | tion-oriented protocols). When the socket |
| | | is written SIGPIPE is also sent. |
+-----------+-----------+--------------------------------------------+
|Write | POLLOUT | Socket has enough send buffer space for |
| | | writing new data. |
+-----------+-----------+--------------------------------------------+
|Read/Write | POLLIN| | An outgoing connect(2) finished. |
| | POLLOUT | |
+-----------+-----------+--------------------------------------------+
|Read/Write | POLLERR | An asynchronous error occured. |
+-----------+-----------+--------------------------------------------+
|Read/Write | POLLHUP | The other end has shut down one direction. |
+-----------+-----------+--------------------------------------------+
|Exception | POLLPRI | Urgent data arrived. SIGURG is sent then. |
+-----------+-----------+--------------------------------------------+
An alternative to poll/select is to let the kernel inform the application
about events via a SIGIO signal. For that the FASYNC flag must be
set on a socket file descriptor via fcntl(2) and a valid signal handler
for SIGIO must be installed via sigaction(2). See the SIGNALS discussion
below.
These socket options can be set by using setsockopt(2) and read with
getsockopt(2) with the socket level set to SOL_SOCKET for all sockets:
SO_KEEPALIVE [Toc] [Back]
Enable sending of keep-alive messages on connection-oriented
sockets. Expects a integer boolean flag.
SO_OOBINLINE [Toc] [Back]
If this option is enabled, out-of-band data is directly placed
into the receive data stream. Otherwise out-of-band data is only
passed when the MSG_OOB flag is set during receiving.
SO_RCVLOWAT and SO_SNDLOWAT
Specify the minimum number of bytes in the buffer until the
socket layer will pass the data to the protocol (SO_SNDLOWAT) or
the user on receiving (SO_RCVLOWAT). These two values are not
changeable in Linux and their argument size is always fixed to 1
byte. getsockopt is able to read them; setsockopt will always
return ENOPROTOOPT.
SO_RCVTIMEO and SO_SNDTIMEO
Specify the sending or receiving timeouts until reporting an
error. They are fixed to a protocol specific setting in Linux
and cannot be read or written. Their functionality can be emulated
using alarm(2) or setitimer(2).
SO_BSDCOMPAT [Toc] [Back]
Enable BSD bug-to-bug compatibility. This is used only by the
UDP protocol module and scheduled to be removed in future. If
enabled ICMP errors received for a UDP socket will not be passed
to the user program. Linux 2.0 also enabled BSD bug-to-bug compatibility
options (random header changing, skipping of the
broadcast flag) for raw sockets with this option, but that has
been removed in Linux 2.2. It is better to fix the user programs
than to enable this flag.
SO_PASSCRED [Toc] [Back]
Enable or disable the receiving of the SCM_CREDENTIALS control
message. For more information see unix(7).
SO_PEERCRED [Toc] [Back]
Return the credentials of the foreign process connected to this
socket. Only useful for PF_UNIX sockets; see unix(7). Argument
is a ucred structure. Only valid as a getsockopt.
SO_BINDTODEVICE [Toc] [Back]
Bind this socket to a particular device like "eth0", as specified
in the passed interface name. If the name is an empty
string or the option length is zero, the socket device binding
is removed. The passed option is a variable-length null terminated
interface name string with the maximum size of IFNAMSIZ.
If a socket is bound to an interface, only packets received from
that particular interface are processed by the socket. Note that
this only works for some socket types, particularly AF_INET
sockets. It is not supported for packet sockets (use normal
bind(8) there).
SO_DEBUG [Toc] [Back]
Enable socket debugging. Only allowed for processes with the
CAP_NET_ADMIN capability or an effective user id of 0.
SO_REUSEADDR [Toc] [Back]
Indicates that the rules used in validating addresses supplied
in a bind(2) call should allow reuse of local addresses. For
PF_INET sockets this means that a socket may bind, except when
there is an active listening socket bound to the address. When
the listening socket is bound to INADDR_ANY with a specific port
then it is not possible to bind to this port for any local
address.
SO_TYPE [Toc] [Back]
Gets the socket type as an integer (like SOCK_STREAM). Can be
only read with getsockopt.
SO_DONTROUTE [Toc] [Back]
Don't send via a gateway, only send to directly connected hosts.
The same effect can be achieved by setting the MSG_DONTROUTE
flag on a socket send(2) operation. Expects an integer boolean
flag.
SO_BROADCAST [Toc] [Back]
Set or get the broadcast flag. When enabled, datagram sockets
receive packets sent to a broadcast address and they are allowed
to send packets to a broadcast address. This option has no
effect on stream-oriented sockets.
SO_SNDBUF [Toc] [Back]
Sets or gets the maximum socket send buffer in bytes. The
default value is set by the wmem_default sysctl and the maximum
allowed value is set by the wmem_max sysctl.
SO_RCVBUF [Toc] [Back]
Sets or gets the maximum socket receive buffer in bytes. The
default value is set by the rmem_default sysctl and the maximum
allowed value is set by the rmem_max sysctl.
SO_LINGER [Toc] [Back]
Sets or gets the SO_LINGER option. The argument is a linger
structure.
struct linger {
int l_onoff; /* linger active */
int l_linger; /* how many seconds to linger for */
};
When enabled, a close(2) or shutdown(2) will not return until
all queued messages for the socket have been successfully sent
or the linger timeout has been reached. Otherwise, the call
returns immediately and the closing is done in the background.
When the socket is closed as part of exit(2), it always lingers
in the background.
SO_PRIORITY [Toc] [Back]
Set the protocol-defined priority for all packets to be sent on
this socket. Linux uses this value to order the networking
queues: packets with a higher priority may be processed first
depending on the selected device queueing discipline. For ip(7),
this also sets the IP type-of-service (TOS) field for outgoing
packets.
SO_ERROR [Toc] [Back]
Get and clear the pending socket error. Only valid as a getsock-
opt. Expects an integer.
When writing onto a connection-oriented socket that has been shut down
(by the local or the remote end) SIGPIPE is sent to the writing process
and EPIPE is returned. The signal is not sent when the write call
specified the MSG_NOSIGNAL flag.
When requested with the FIOCSETOWN fcntl or SIOCSPGRP ioctl, SIGIO is
sent when an I/O event occurs. It is possible to use poll(2) or
select(2) in the signal handler to find out which socket the event
occurred on. An alternative (in Linux 2.2) is to set a realtime signal
using the F_SETSIG fcntl; the handler of the real time signal will be
called with the file descriptor in the si_fd field of its siginfo_t.
See fcntl(2) for more information.
Under some circumstances (e.g. multiple processes accessing a single
socket), the condition that caused the SIGIO may have already disappeared
when the process reacts to the signal. If this happens, the
process should wait again because Linux will resend the signal later.
The core socket networking sysctls can be accessed using the
/proc/sys/net/core/* files or with the sysctl(2) interface.
rmem_default
contains the default setting in bytes of the socket receive
buffer.
rmem_max
contains the maximum socket receive buffer size in bytes which a
user may set by using the SO_RCVBUF socket option.
wmem_default
contains the default setting in bytes of the socket send buffer.
wmem_max
contains the maximum socket send buffer size in bytes which a
user may set by using the SO_SNDBUF socket option.
message_cost and message_burst
configure the token bucket filter used to load limit warning
messages caused by external network events.
netdev_max_backlog
Maximum number of packets in the global input queue.
optmem_max
Maximum length of ancillary data and user control data like the
iovecs per socket.
These ioctls can be accessed using ioctl(2):
error = ioctl(ip_socket, ioctl_type, &value_result);
SIOCGSTAMP [Toc] [Back]
Return a struct timeval with the receive timestamp of the last
packet passed to the user. This is useful for accurate round
trip time measurements. See setitimer(2) for a description of
struct timeval.
SIOCSPGRP [Toc] [Back]
Set the process or process group to send SIGIO or SIGURG signals
to when an asynchronous I/O operation has finished or urgent
data is available. The argument is a pointer to a pid_t. If
the argument is positive, send the signals to that process. If
the argument is negative, send the signals to the process group
with the id of the absolute value of the argument. The process
may only choose itself or its own process group to receive signals
unless it has the CAP_KILL capability or an effective UID
of 0.
FIOASYNC [Toc] [Back]
Change the O_ASYNC flag to enable or disable asynchronous IO
mode of the socket. Asynchronous IO mode means that the SIGIO
signal or the signal set with F_SETSIG is raised when a new I/O
event occurs.
Argument is a integer boolean flag.
SIOCGPGRP [Toc] [Back]
Get the current process or process group that receives SIGIO or
SIGURG signals, or 0 when none is set.
Valid fcntls:
FIOCGETOWN [Toc] [Back]
The same as the SIOCGPGRP ioctl.
FIOCSETOWN [Toc] [Back]
The same as the SIOCSPGRP ioctl
Linux assumes that half of the send/receive buffer is used for internal
kernel structures; thus the sysctls are twice what can be observed on
the wire.
The CONFIG_FILTER socket options SO_ATTACH_FILTER and SO_DETACH_FILTER
are not documented. The suggested interface to use them is via the
libpcap library.
SO_BINDTODEVICE was introduced in Linux 2.0.30. SO_PASSCRED is new in
Linux 2.2. The sysctls are new in Linux 2.2.
This man page was written by Andi Kleen.
socket(2), ip(7), setsockopt(2), getsockopt(2), packet(7), ddp(7)
Linux Man Page 1999-05-07 SOCKET(7)
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