shmget - allocates a shared memory segment
#include <sys/ipc.h>
#include <sys/shm.h>
int shmget(key_t key, int size, int shmflg);
shmget() returns the identifier of the shared memory segment associated
to the value of the argument key. A new shared memory segment, with
size equal to the round up of size to a multiple of PAGE_SIZE, is created
if key has value IPC_PRIVATE or key isn't IPC_PRIVATE, no shared
memory segment is associated to key, and IPC_CREAT is asserted in shm-
flg (i.e. shmflg&IPC_CREAT isn't zero). The presence in
shmflg is composed of:
IPC_CREAT to create a new segment. If this flag is not used, then
shmget() will find the segment associated with key, check
to see if the user has permission to receive the shmid
associated with the segment, and ensure the segment is not
marked for destruction.
IPC_EXCL used with IPC_CREAT to ensure failure if the segment
exists.
mode_flags (lowest 9 bits)
specifying the permissions granted to the owner, group, and
world. Presently, the execute permissions are not used by
the system.
If a new segment is created, the access permissions from shmflg are
copied into the shm_perm member of the shmid_ds structure that defines
the segment. The shmid_ds structure:
struct shmid_ds {
struct ipc_perm shm_perm; /* operation perms */
int shm_segsz; /* size of segment (bytes) */
time_t shm_atime; /* last attach time */
time_t shm_dtime; /* last detach time */
time_t shm_ctime; /* last change time */
unsigned short shm_cpid; /* pid of creator */
unsigned short shm_lpid; /* pid of last operator */
short shm_nattch; /* no. of current attaches */
};
struct ipc_perm {
key_t key;
ushort uid; /* owner euid and egid */
ushort gid;
ushort cuid; /* creator euid and egid */
ushort cgid;
ushort mode; /* lower 9 bits of shmflg */
ushort seq; /* sequence number */
};
Furthermore, while creating, the system call initializes the system
shared memory segment data structure shmid_ds as follows:
shm_perm.cuid and shm_perm.uid are set to the effective user-ID
of the calling process.
shm_perm.cgid and shm_perm.gid are set to the effective group-ID
of the calling process.
The lowest order 9 bits of shm_perm.mode are set to the lowest
order 9 bit of shmflg.
shm_segsz is set to the value of size.
shm_lpid, shm_nattch, shm_atime and shm_dtime are set to 0.
shm_ctime is set to the current time.
If the shared memory segment already exists, the access permissions are
verified, and a check is made to see if it is marked for destruction.
fork() After a fork() the child inherits the attached shared memory
segments.
exec() After an exec() all attached shared memory segments are detached
(not destroyed).
exit() Upon exit() all attached shared memory segments are detached
(not destroyed).
A valid segment identifier, shmid, is returned on success, -1 on error.
On failure, errno is set to one of the following:
EINVAL is returned if a new segment was to be created and size <
SHMMIN or size > SHMMAX, or no new segment was to be created,
a segment with given key existed, but size is greater
than the size of that segment.
EEXIST is returned if IPC_CREAT | IPC_EXCL was specified and the
segment exists.
EIDRM is returned if the segment is marked as destroyed, or was
removed.
ENOSPC is returned if all possible shared memory id's have been
taken (SHMMNI) or if allocating a segment of the requested
size would cause the system to exceed the system-wide limit
on shared memory (SHMALL).
ENOENT is returned if no segment exists for the given key, and
IPC_CREAT was not specified.
EACCES is returned if the user does not have permission to access
the shared memory segment.
ENOMEM is returned if no memory could be allocated for segment
overhead.
IPC_PRIVATE isn't a flag field but a key_t type. If this special value
is used for key, the system call ignores everything but the lowest
order 9 bits of shmflg and creates a new shared memory segment (on success).
The followings are limits on shared memory segment resources affecting
a shmget call:
SHMALL System wide maximum of shared memory pages: policy dependent.
SHMMAX Maximum size in bytes for a shared memory segment: implementation
dependent (currently 4M).
SHMMIN Minimum size in bytes for a shared memory segment: implementation
dependent (currently 1 byte, though PAGE_SIZE is the
effective minimum size).
SHMMNI System wide maximum number of shared memory segments: implementation
dependent (currently 4096, was 128 in Linux 2.2
kernels).
The implementation has no specific limits for the per process maximum
number of shared memory segments (SHMSEG).
Use of IPC_PRIVATE doesn't inhibit to other processes the access to the
allocated shared memory segment.
As for the files, there is currently no intrinsic way for a process to
ensure exclusive access to a shared memory segment. Asserting both
IPC_CREAT and IPC_EXCL in shmflg only ensures (on success) that a new
shared memory segment will be created, it doesn't imply exclusive
access to the segment.
SVr4, SVID. SVr4 documents an additional error condition EEXIST. Neither
SVr4 nor SVID documents an EIDRM condition.
ftok(3), ipc(5), shmctl(2), shmat(2), shmdt(2)
Linux 0.99.11 1993-11-28 SHMGET(2)
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